Abstract
Quantitative imaging and dosimetry are crucial for individualized treatment during peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). 177Lu-DOTATATE and 68Ga-DOTATOC/68Ga-DOTATATE are used, respectively, for PRRT and PET examinations targeting somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in patients affected by neuroendocrine tumors. The aim of the study was to quantitatively and qualitatively compare the performance of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE in the context of subsequent PRRT with 177Lu-DOTATATE under standardized conditions in the same patient as well as to investigate the sufficiency of standardized uptake value (SUV) for estimation of SSTR expression. Methods: Ten patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors underwent one 45-min dynamic and 3 whole-body PET/CT examinations at 1, 2, and 3 h after injection with both tracers. The number of detected lesions, SUVs in lesions and normal tissue, total functional tumor volume, and SSTR volume (functional tumor volume multiplied by mean SUV) were investigated for each time point. Net uptake rate (Ki) was calculated according to the Patlak method for 3 tumors per patient. Results: There were no significant differences in lesion count, lesion SUV, Ki, functional tumor volume, or SSTR volume between 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE at any time point. The detection rate was similar, although with differences for single lesions in occasional patients. For healthy organs, marginally higher uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE was observed in kidneys, bone marrow, and liver at 1 h. 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake was higher in mediastinal blood pool at the 1-h time point (P = 0.018). The tumor-to-liver ratio was marginally higher for 68Ga-DOTATOC at the 3-h time point (P = 0.037). Blood clearance was fast and similar for both tracers. SUV did not correlate with Ki linearly and achieved saturation for a Ki of greater than 0.2 mL/cm3/min, corresponding to an SUV of more than 25. Conclusion: 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE are suited equally well for staging and patient selection for PRRT with 177Lu-DOTATATE. However, the slight difference in the healthy organ distribution and excretion may render 68Ga-DOTATATE preferable. SUV did not correlate linearly with Ki and thus may not reflect the SSTR density accurately at its higher values, whereas Ki might be the outcome measure of choice for quantification of SSTR density and assessment of treatment outcome.
Combination of molecular imaging and internal radiotherapy targeted at receptors overexpressed in cancer cells is one example of advanced theranostics wherein the pretherapeutic imaging and radiotherapy are conducted with the same vector molecule, exchanging only the imaging and therapeutic radionuclides (1). This technique has become a powerful tool for the management of patients affected by neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) overexpressing somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). Approximately half of patients have metastatic disease at presentation, and early, accurate diagnosis and staging are crucial for therapy decisions. One of the main advantages of PET/CT is the possibility of quantifying tracer uptake and kinetics as a reflection of the processes underlying the disease and thus facilitating personalized diagnosis and therapy. PET/CT with 68Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs is gradually becoming a new gold standard for NET imaging, replacing 111In-DTPA-pentetreotide (Octreoscan; Mallinckrodt) scintigraphy. The method demonstrates specificity and sensitivity well above 90%, exceeding that of CT and scintigraphy (2–4). The superiority of 68Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs in terms of specificity, sensitivity, staging accuracy, detection rate, quantification, and acquisition time over 18F-FDG (5), 18F-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (6), 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (7,8), 111In-DTPA-pentetreotide (9), 18F-NaF, and 99mTc-dicarboxypropanediphosphonate (10) has been demonstrated. The high impact of 68Ga PET/CT on patient management can be illustrated by the fact that the course of treatments was changed or adjusted in 50%–60% of cases on the basis of 68Ga PET/CT results (11–15). Thorough analysis of the publications on 16 clinical studies involving 567 patients with suspected thoracic or gastroenteropancreatic NETs suggested PET/CT with 68Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs as an independent first-line diagnostic imaging method for this category of patients (16). 68Ga-DOTATOC, 68Ga-DOTATATE, and 68Ga-DOTANOC have been extensively used in clinical studies demonstrating fast pharmacokinetics, target localization, blood clearance, and renal excretion as well as short scanning time, low radiation dose, high sensitivity, high resolution, high detection rate, high image contrast, and possibility for accurate quantification (17). Besides diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and therapy selection in NET disease, 68Ga PET/CT has been applied in imaging of other SSTR-expressing tumors such as pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, meningiomas, and melanoma, often having an effect on therapeutic management.
Individualized therapy planning with adjustment of injected radioactivity dose during peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) of NETs is necessary because of high interpatient variability in healthy organ uptake (18). It has also been demonstrated that the tumor burden influences radiopharmaceutical distribution to healthy organs; in particular, higher tumor burden decreased accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical in the kidneys (19). PET/CT with 68Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs may also become a valuable tool to determine the time point for the start of PRRT in relation to the termination of cold octreotide therapy in NET patients (20).
Refined and standardized protocols have been suggested because of the need for more accurate quantification, and their development is the focus of current research. High accuracy of the quantification is especially important for comparative studies of tracers and therapy monitoring when changes in tracer accumulation may be marginal and can be affected by several factors such as acquisition parameters and scanning protocols, examination time points, ongoing patient treatments, amount of the administered active substance, and radioactivity. The aim of the present work was to compare the performance of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE (Fig. 1) in the same patient under uniform conditions and prolonged duration and to validate standardized uptake value (SUV) as a semiquantitative marker of SSTR expression in comparison with the net uptake rate (Ki) determined by tracer kinetic analysis.
Structural formulas of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE, where TOC and TATE stand, respectively, for d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr(OH) and d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr. Difference in structure is highlighted with blue square.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
Ten patients with metastatic gastroenteropancreatic NETs, confirmed by histopathology, underwent PET/CT examination after intravenous injection of 68Ga-DOTATOC (24 ± 5 μg, 87 ± 16 MBq) or 68Ga-DOTATATE (29 ± 5 μg, 92 ± 18 MBq) on 2 sequential days. The injected radioactivity was within the diagnostic reference level limits recommended by directive 97/43/EURATOM of the Council of the European Union (<200 MBq). The patients were divided into 2 groups of 5 to alter the sequence of administration of the agents.
Venous blood samples were collected at 5, 20, 45, 60, 120, and 180 min after injection for measurement of whole-blood and plasma radioactivity concentrations. Urine was sampled as voided, and total volumes and radioactivity concentrations were measured. Diuresis was not forced.
The study was approved by the Swedish Medicinal Products Agency (European Clinical Trials Database number 2011-001533-16) and the local ethical committee (diarienummer 2010/300). All patients gave signed informed consent.
Tracer Production and Quality Control
Good manufacturing practice–compliant production (21) of the tracers was accomplished within 1 h using a fractionation method (22) with subsequent product purification (23).
Data Acquisition
The patients fasted for 4 h before the examination, which was conducted on a Discovery ST16 PET/CT scanner (GE Healthcare) with a 15.7-cm axial and 70-cm transaxial field of view. After a low-dose CT scan for attenuation correction, a 45-min dynamic scan of the abdomen was started simultaneously with the administration of 68Ga-DOTATOC or 68Ga-DOTATATE. This scan was followed by 3 whole-body examinations from the eye level to the proximal thighs at 60, 120, and 180 min after injection (3-, 4-, and 5-min acquisition per bed position), each preceded by a low-dose CT scan. PET images were reconstructed with normalization and attenuation-weighted ordered-subset expectation maximization (2 iterations, 21 subsets) using the software supplied with the scanner, applying all appropriate corrections for dead time, randoms, scatter, coincidence, and detector normalization.
The last 25 min of the dynamic PET data were summed over time to create average images that were used to semiautomatically outline tumor volumes of interest over at most 3 lesions per patient at the 50% isocontour level using software developed at VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam (24). Volumes of interest were then projected onto each frame to create tumor time–activity curves. An arterial volume of interest was defined by combining 2 × 2 pixel regions of interest in 10 consecutive image planes over the descending aorta in the image frame on which the first pass of the injected bolus was best seen. This volume of interest was projected onto each frame of the dynamic scan to obtain an arterial time–activity curve. Tumor volumes of interest were defined in a similar way on the 3 whole-body images. SUVs were calculated by normalized radioactivity concentrations to injected radioactivity per body weight. The total functional tumor volume was determined using 41% isocontour level volumes of interest. Evaluation of total SSTR volume (functional tumor volume multiplied by mean SUV [SUVmean]) was performed on an Advantage Workstation 4.2 using VCAR (volume computer-assisted reading) software (GE Healthcare). SUVmean in normal organs and tissues was determined by outlining circular regions of interest that were drawn at least 1 cm from the outer edges of organs.
Qualitative assessment of the examinations was performed in consensus by a nuclear medicine physician and a radiologist with 15–20 y of PET experience. The whole-body PET/CT examinations were evaluated for each patient by creating a visibility score for every lesion according to an arbitrary scale: 0, tumor not visualized but depicted at another time point or with the other tracer; 1, suspected tumor; and 2, definite tumor. The tumor-to-noise ratio in the examinations was also compared visually for both tracers at each time point.
Ki
Plasma input functions were obtained by multiplication of the arterial time–activity curve by the ratio of mean plasma to whole blood for the measured blood samples. The Ki of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE was determined both using nonlinear regression of an irreversible 2-tissue-compartment model and using the Patlak method (25), which is a linearization of this model. Ki was calculated as the slope of the linear portion of the Patlak plot, starting 15 min after injection. The relations between Ki for both tracers and between SUV and Ki for each tracer separately were calculated by Deming regression.
Statistics
The statistical significance of differences and correlations between datasets were determined, respectively, by Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, Spearman correlation, and Deming regression (P < 0.05; GraphPad Prism software, version 5.00).
RESULTS
Patients
Demographics and clinical characteristics are given in Table 1. The median age of the patients was 64 y (range, 44–75 y), and the median duration from diagnosis was 15 mo (range, 2–72 mo). The patients did not have any clinical adverse reactions or side effects after the intravenous administration of either 68Ga-DOTATOC or 68Ga-DOTATATE.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients
Qualitative Evaluation of Lesions
One hundred one tumors were evaluated in 10 patients, and each patient had 10.1 ± 9.1 lesions (mean ± SD; range, 3–30). The readers evaluated 4 pancreatic tumors, 62 liver metastases, 11 mesenteric metastases, 5 peritoneal metastases, 15 retroperitoneal lymph node metastases, 3 mediastinal lymph node metastases, and 1 rib metastasis. The sum of visibility scores for the lesions at 1, 2, and 3 h were 100, 104, and 103, respectively, for 68Ga-DOTATOC and 105, 107, and 101, respectively, for 68Ga-DOTATATE. At 1 h, the score was higher for 68Ga-DOTATOC in 2 patients, higher for 68Ga-DOTATATE in 2 patients, and the same in 6 patients. The corresponding numbers were 3, 3, 4 and 3, 2, 5 at 2 and 3 h, respectively. The visibility score for all time points was higher for 68Ga-DOTATOC in 4 patients, higher for 68Ga-DOTATATE in 3 patients, and equal in 3 patients. The image quality in terms of tumor-to-noise ratio was visually rated as similar for both tracers in almost all patients and at all time points. Exceptions were patient 3, for whom 68Ga-DOTATOC showed a better tumor-to-noise ratio at all 3 time points, and patients 4 and 6, for whom 68Ga-DOTATATE showed a better tumor-to-noise ratio at 2 and 3 h, respectively.
In occasional patients, single liver metastases were clearly visualized with one tracer and not with the other (Fig. 2). Three liver metastases in patient 6 and 1 liver metastasis in each of patients 4 and 9 were clearly depicted by 68Ga-DOTATATE but not by 68Ga-DOTATOC. The reverse situation was found in patients 2 and 8, in whom 1 liver metastasis each was visualized with 68Ga-DOTATOC but not with 68Ga-DOTATATE. Only rarely were lesions visualized inconsistently between time points. In patient 7, 2 of the liver metastases were visualized with both tracers at 3 h but were not seen at 1 or 2 h. Similarly, a rib metastasis in the same patient was depicted by both tracers at 2 and 3 h but was missed at 1 h. In patient 10, a retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis with both tracers was missed at 1 h and showed up at 2 h but was then again not visible at 3 h.
Transaxial images of liver demonstrating cases of higher detection rate for 68Ga-DOTATOC (A: patient 6 [Table 1], PET/CT fusion); higher detection rate for 68Ga-DOTATATE (B: patient 8 [Table 1], PET/CT fusion); and equal detection rate (C: patient 1 [Table 1], PET/CT fusion). Whole-body scans were conducted at 1 h after injection. Arrows point toward hepatic metastases.
The functional tumor volume and SSTR volume did not demonstrate any significant difference between the agents at any time point. Correlation of the uptake of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE was significant, with corresponding Spearman r values of 0.89, 0.90, and 0.93 calculated for SUVmean and 0.93, 0.93, and 0.93 calculated for maximum SUV (SUVmax) at 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively (Fig. 3).
Correlation of tumor uptake (SUVmax and SUVmean) of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 68Ga-DOTATOC, respectively, at 1-, 2-, and 3-h time points. Graphs show linear regression with 95% confidence band and r2 values of 0.8891, 0.9204, and 0.8991, respectively, for SUVmean and 0.8406, 0.8868, and 0.8443, respectively, for SUVmax.
Qualitative Evaluation of Normal Organs
There were marginal differences in tracer accumulation in normal organs. In particular, higher uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE was found in kidneys at 1, 2, and 3 h (P = 0.002, 0.020, and 0.004, respectively) and in liver at 1 and 2 h (P = 0.037 and 0.020, respectively). 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake was higher in the mediastinal blood pool at 1 h (P = 0.018). No statistically significant difference was found in the vertebral body (bone marrow) at any time point.
Tumor–to–Normal-Organ Ratio
Tumor-to-liver ratio was similar for 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE at 1 and 2 h, whereas at the 3-h time point a marginally higher ratio was found for the former (P = 0.037) (Fig. 4A). For both tracers, this ratio was higher at 2 h than at 1 h (P = 0.006 and P = 0.020, respectively). Calculation of tumor-to-spleen ratios was based on 9 patients because patient 2 had undergone splenectomy. There was no statistically significant difference in tumor-to-spleen ratio between 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE at any time point, though for 68Ga-DOTATOC the ratio was higher at 3 h than at 2 h (P = 0.044; Fig. 4B). The tumor-to-kidney ratio was higher for 68Ga-DOTATOC than for 68Ga-DOTATATE at 1 h (P = 0.002), 2 h (P = 0.020), and 3 h (P = 0.004) (Fig. 4C).
Ratio of tumor uptake (SUVmax) over liver (A), spleen (B), and kidney (C) uptake (SUVmean) for 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE at whole-body PET/CT examinations 1, 2, and 3 h after tracer injection. Error bars indicate SEM.
Tracer Kinetic Analysis
Time–activity curves of kidneys, liver, spleen, blood, and tumor for 195 min after injection are given in Figure 5. Blood clearance was fast and almost identical for both tracers. Radioactivity in the blood decreased to less than 5.3% and 4.7% of the peak level for 68Ga-DOTATATE and 68Ga-DOTATOC, respectively, within 45 min of the dynamic scanning and to 2.2% and 2.0% at 195 min after injection. The kinetics in kidney were similar in all patients. Higher variation was observed in the other organs and lesions. After 50 min, the accumulation in all organs plateaued. The tumor accumulation for each patient was represented by the lesion with the highest radioactivity uptake. 68Ga-DOTATOC tumor uptake in all patients except one continually increased over time, whereas for 68Ga-DOTATATE the uptake in 2 patients’ tumors had decreased at 2 h and then again had increased at the 3-h examination. For 1 patient, the tumor uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE increased from 1 to 2 h and then decreased at the 3-h examination. No statistically significant difference was found in the tumor uptake of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE at any time point (Fig. 6). For 68Ga-DOTATOC, the tumor SUVmax and SUVmean were higher at 2 h than at 1 h (P = 0.002 and 0.002), higher at 3 h than at 1 h (P = 0.002 and 0.002), and higher at 3 h than at 2 h (P = 0.014 and 0.018). The tumor SUVmax for 68Ga-DOTATATE was higher at 3 h than at 1 h (P = 0.020), but there was no statistically significant difference in SUVmean at any time point. After each PET examination, the patients were asked to void the bladder, and urine was collected. During the first 4 h after injection, 15.6% (SD, 9.2) of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 11.9% (SD 4.1) of 68Ga-DOTATATE was excreted into the urine.
Accumulation of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE in tumor and healthy organs (kidney, liver, and spleen), as well as blood clearance as function of time. SUVmean is mean of all patients. Data are mean ± SEM.
Tumor uptake (SUVmean and SUVmax) at whole-body PET/CT examination with 68Ga-DOTATOC (TOC) and 68Ga-DOTATATE (TATE) 1, 2, and 3 h after tracer injection presented as mean with SEM. Each patient is represented by tumor with highest tracer uptake.
Ki
Ki based on Patlak analysis correlated well with Ki based on compartment modeling for both tracers (Spearman r = 0.89 and 0.95 for 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE, respectively). Ki values based on Patlak analysis, which is the simpler of the methods, were used in the remainder of this work. The relation between SUV and Ki was not linear; instead, SUVs no longer increased for Ki values larger than 0.2 mL/cm3/min (Figs. 7A and 7B). However, there was a good correlation between the Ki values for 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE (Fig. 7C). The use of SUV normalized for lean body mass instead of body weight did not alter this relationship.
SUV is presented as function of Ki in tumors for 68Ga-DOTATOC (A) and 68Ga-DOTATATE (B). Solid lines are hyperbolic fits and are for visualization purposes only. Correlation is shown between Ki at 1 h after injection for 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE (C). Solid line is Deming regression with slope 1.06 and intercept 0.0. Axes are split to clarify relationship at low Ki values.
DISCUSSION
Intrapatient evaluation and comparison of the performance of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE was done under standardized conditions with the aim of assessing the preference of one or the other for imaging and patient selection in the context of PRRT with 177Lu-DOTATATE. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of uptake kinetics, detection rate, image contrast, noise, and tumor and normal-tissue accumulation were performed.
The influence of peptide sequence, size and number of peptide rings, pharmacokinetic modifiers, chelator moiety, and radiometal type on the biologic properties of somatostatin analogs has been demonstrated by basic research (15). Hence, a 10-fold higher affinity for SSTR subtype 2 has been demonstrated for 68Ga-DOTATATE than for 68Ga-DOTATOC in vitro in transfected cell cultures (26). Nevertheless, no statistically significant difference in the uptake of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE in SSTR-expressing monkey brain tissue sections in vitro or in rat organs such as adrenal, pancreas, and pituitary gland in vivo could be observed (23). Moreover, a clinical study involving 40 patients did not verify the 10-fold higher affinity for SSTR subtype 2 of 68Ga-DOTATATE; on the contrary, SUVmax of 68Ga-DOTATOC tended to be higher (27). The variation of the preference of one peptide analog over the other can be seen in clinical investigations using 111In (28) and 177Lu (29). In one study, 111In-DOTATOC and 111In-DOTATATE were used as surrogate agents for 90Y and 177Lu-comprising analogs (28). The authors justified the preferableness of the DOTATOC-based agent for radiotherapy with 90Y. In contrast, a direct comparison of 177Lu-DOTATOC and 177Lu-DOTATATE favored the latter (29). Furthermore, a potential advantage was found for 68Ga-DOTATOC over 68Ga-DOTATATE in terms of detection rate and uptake degree (27). One plausible explanation for such a variation could be that even though SSTR subtypes 1 and 5 are the two most commonly expressed in NETs (26), the extensive difference in the subtype profile and population may diminish the alteration in apparent uptake. In our study, there was no unambiguous advantage of one agent over the other in terms of detection rate. The lesion visibility score for all time points was similar, although occasional lesions were better depicted with 68Ga-DOTATOC than with 68Ga-DOTATATE and vice versa. Quantitative differences in the normal-tissue uptake of either tracer were small. These differences might still be explained by the preferential binding to certain receptor subtypes with variable physiologic expression and did not affect the qualitative assessment of tumor visibility. 68Ga-DOTATOC had slightly higher uptake in the mediastinal blood pool than did 68Ga-DOTATATE, whereas blood radioactivity measured in the well-counter was not different. The reason is unclear but may be related to a slightly higher binding of 68Ga-DOTATOC to endothelial surfaces.
Another possible reason for such variation in historical comparison could be the nonstandardized examination conditions, with variability in the administered dose of the peptide, scan duration, and interval between the examinations, as well as occasional use of contrast enhancement in PET/CT scans. In our study, we provided strictly standardized conditions such as a uniform time between the examinations with 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE, a uniform amount of injected radioactivity and peptide, and an identical scanning protocol for dynamic and static acquisitions for a prolonged period of 3.25 h. The amount of administered peptide in the present work was in the range (20–50 μg) of what was previously shown to result in higher tumor uptake and lower normal-organ accumulation (30). Varying tumor load expressing SSTRs of different concentrations acts as a sink, or compartment, and decreases the exposure of normal organs to the agent. The phenomenon has been observed for liver and spleen using 68Ga-DOTATOC (30) and for kidneys using 68Ga-DOTATATE (19). In addition, in our study, tumor accumulation after 1 h after injection did not increase for 68Ga-DOTATATE but increased marginally for 68Ga-DOTATOC. For clinical routine, diagnostic imaging at 1 h after injection might therefore be the optimal time point.
PET/CT generally uses semiquantitative SUV (31–33) as a measurement for patient selection, staging, and prognostic considerations. However, the above-mentioned discrepancies indicate that more accurate quantification methods are required for estimation of lesser differences expected during follow-up of therapeutic outcome, discrimination of pathologic from physiologic uptake, and inter- and intrapatient comparison of the various imaging agents. Tumor-to-spleen SUV ratio was found to be more accurate than SUVmax in the quantification of the response to PRRT by 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT (32). However, our results showed that the variation in tumor-to-spleen SUV was determined by the increasing tumor accumulation whereas spleen uptake remained virtually constant during the course of the examinations. Tracer kinetic parameters, rather than SUV, might reflect the receptor density more accurately by contributing the additional dimensions of time and accumulation rate. Binding of the agents to the SSTRs can be considered irreversible since the radioactivity is trapped inside the cells. Thus, the steady-state Ki may better reflect the receptor concentration. The absence of linear correlation between SUV and Ki (Figs. 7A and 7B) indicates that SUV does not reflect receptor density correctly for tumors with high receptor expression and may lead to underestimation of the receptor expression. The reason for this phenomenon is probably that the availability of the peptide in plasma is the limiting factor for uptake of tracer in patients who have a large tumor burden with high SSTR expression. Another explanation could be that the plateau value corresponds to receptor saturation before receptor recycling to the cell surface. Our finding might at least partly explain why 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT monitoring of PRRT response using changes in tumor SUV between baseline and follow-up was not trivial and did not correlate to the therapy outcome (34). The use of Ki might provide a more accurate measurement tool for evaluation of therapy response. Further systematic investigation is warranted in larger patient cohorts to explore the full potential and to prove the practical value of the methodology for patient care.
CONCLUSION
No statistically significant difference could be found in tumor uptake of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE in terms of either SUV or Ki. Thus, both tracers can be used equally well for staging and patient selection for PRRT in NETs with 177Lu-DOTATATE. However, the slight difference in healthy-organ distribution and excretion may render 68Ga-DOTATATE preferable for PRRT planning. SUV did not correlate linearly with Ki and thus does not seem to reflect SSTR density accurately at higher values, suggesting that Ki is the outcome measure of choice for quantification of SSTR density and assessment of treatment outcome.
DISCLOSURE
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 USC section 1734. This research was financially supported by the Swedish Cancer Society and a research grant from Uppsala University Hospital (ALF financial support). No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgments
We greatly appreciate the technical assistance of Mimmi Lidholm, Annie Bjurebäck, Maj Wiberg, Lars Lindsjö, and Marie Ahlman in performing the scans and handling patients.
Footnotes
Published online Dec. 30, 2013.
- © 2014 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.
REFERENCES
- Received for publication May 10, 2013.
- Accepted for publication September 24, 2013.
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- PET- and CT-Based Imaging Criteria for Response Assessment of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Under Radiopharmaceutical Therapy
- Localized In Vivo Prodrug Activation Using Radionuclides
- Quantitative Assessments of Tumor Activity in a General Oncologic PET/CT Population: Which Metric Minimizes Tracer Uptake Time Dependence?
- Localized in vivo prodrug activation using radionuclides
- Evaluation of [68Ga]-DOTATOC PET/MRI in Patients with Meningioma of the Subcranial and Intraorbital Space
- Prognostic Value of Whole-Body PET Volumetric Parameters Extracted from 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT in Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Principles of Tracer Kinetic Analysis in Oncology, Part II: Examples and Future Directions
- Somatostatin Receptor Imaging and Theranostics: Current Practice and Future Prospects
- A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety, Biodistribution, and Dosimetry of 68Ga-NODAGA-LM3 and 68Ga-DOTA-LM3 in Patients with Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Imaging of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
- Quantitative 3D Assessment of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/MRI with Diffusion-Weighted Imaging to Assess Imaging Markers for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Preliminary Results
- Safety, tolerability and clinical implementation of 'ready-to-use 68gallium-DOTA0-Tyr3-octreotide (68Ga-DOTATOC) (SomaKIT TOC) for injection in patients diagnosed with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs)
- Tumor-to-Blood Ratio for Assessment of Somatostatin Receptor Density in Neuroendocrine Tumors Using 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE
- A Prospective Observational Study to Evaluate the Effects of Long-Acting Somatostatin Analogs on 68Ga-DOTATATE Uptake in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Long-Acting Somatostatin Analog Therapy Differentially Alters 68Ga-DOTATATE Uptake in Normal Tissues Compared with Primary Tumors and Metastatic Lesions
- Appropriate Use Criteria for Somatostatin Receptor PET Imaging in Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Current Concepts in 68Ga-DOTATATE Imaging of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Interpretation, Biodistribution, Dosimetry, and Molecular Strategies
- Somatostatin Receptor 2-Targeting Compounds
- Parametric Net Influx Rate Images of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE: Quantitative Accuracy and Improved Image Contrast
- Safety, Dosimetry, and Tumor Detection Ability of 68Ga-NOTA-AE105: First-in-Human Study of a Novel Radioligand for uPAR PET Imaging
- Molecular Imaging of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Current Status and Future Directions
- A Delphic consensus assessment: imaging and biomarkers in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor disease management
- Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors with a Morphologically Apparent High-Grade Component: A Pathway Distinct from Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
- 64Cu-DOTATATE for Noninvasive Assessment of Atherosclerosis in Large Arteries and Its Correlation with Risk Factors: Head-to-Head Comparison with 68Ga-DOTATOC in 60 Patients
- 64Cu-DOTATATE PET for Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Prospective Head-to-Head Comparison with 111In-DTPA-Octreotide in 112 Patients