Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Stylized anthropomorphic model representing adult male/female of Cristy/Eckerman phantom series and newer, realistic anthropomorphic model representing adult male.
- FIGURE 2.
Variations in photon specific absorbed fractions for different-sized individuals illustrated using liver and lung as source and target regions, respectively, near median individual size (57 kg).
- FIGURE 3.
Urinary excretion of 166Ho-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethylene-phosphonate in 12 subjects with multiple myeloma. (Reprinted from (18).)
- FIGURE 4.
Ninety-five percent confidence interval predicted by Aydogan et al. (20) for dose to liver for a single agent in one patient population, using Latin hypercube sampling modeling and taking into account all sources of uncertainty.
- FIGURE 5.
Excerpt from BEIR VII report, showing excess relative risk of all solid cancers from Japanese bomb survivors.
Tables
Parameter Energy (keV) Intensity (%) Dose (MeV/Bq-s) XR l 2.42 0.447 11 1.08E-5 3 XR kα2 18.251 2.14 6 3.91E-4 11 XR kα1 18.367 4.07 12 7.47E-4 21 XR kβ3 20.599 0.330 10 6.79E-5 20 XR kβ1 20.619 0.639 18 1.32E-4 4 XR kβ2 21.005 0.145 4 3.04E-5 8 γ1 140.511 1 89.06 0.1251 γ2 142.63 3 0.0187 18 2.7E-5 3 Data are taken from Brookhaven National Laboratory National Nuclear Data Center Decay Data Compendium (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/). Italics provide 1 SD of uncertainty for rightmost digits.
Organ/tissue Reference woman (g) Reference man (g) Whole body 60,000 73,000 All skeleton (including marrow) 7,800 10,500 All marrow 2,700 3,650 Brain 1,300 1,450 Right eye 7.5 7.5 Left eye 7.5 7.5 Salivary glands 70 85 Heart with blood 620 840 Right lung 508 642 Left lung 442 558 Liver 1,400 1,800 Gallbladder (wall and content) 56.0 68.0 Stomach (wall and content) 370 400 Spleen 130 150 Right kidney 138 155 Left kidney 138 155 Right adrenal 6.5 7.0 Left adrenal 6.5 7.0 Pancreas 120 140 Left thyroid 8.5 10 Right thyroid 8.5 10 Urinary bladder wall 40 50 Breast 500 25 Thymus 20 25 Esophagus 35 40 Gonads 11 35 Uterus 80 17 Small intestine wall 600 650 Small intestine contents 280 350 Right colon wall 145 150 Right colon contents 160 150 Left colon wall 145 150 Left colon contents 80 75 Rectosigmoid wall 70 70 Rectosigmoid contents 80 75 Data are from ICRP Publication 89 (3).
- TABLE 3
Reported Variability of Organ Mass for Several Organs in Men, According to Subject Height
Organ 144<H<165 165<H<175 176<H<190 Heart 344 ± 75 360 ± 75 381 ± 56 Right lung 616 ± 20 625 ± 207 741 ± 274 Left lung 523 ± 190 551 ± 178 658 ± 257 Liver 1,455 ± 370 1,637 ± 369 1,831 ± 384 Spleen 120 ± 51 150 ± 88 180 ± 90 Pancreas 138 ± 35 143 ± 39 147 ± 39 Right kidney 150 ± 49 157 ± 36 170 ± 37 Left kidney 155 ± 53 164 ± 38 175 ± 38 Thyroid 25 ± 7 25 ± 13 25 ± 9 H = height (cm).
- TABLE 4
Percentage of Time That Different Scaling Methods Were Successful in Predicting Human Biokinetics from Animal Data Within Specified Uncertainty Levels
Extrapolation type Uncertainty level ±25% ±50% ±2× ±4× ±10× ±20× None 18% 30% 39% 62% 84% 92% Mass 8% 18% 40% 66% 85% 93% Time 21% 32% 50% 74% 88% 91% Mass and time 8% 21% 46% 79% 94% 97% Data are from Sparks and Aydogan 1999 (12). Mass scaling means extrapolation of animal data based on organ concentrations and body mass; time scaling means extrapolation of the time scale based on differences in body mass and assumed metabolic rates.
Organ ICRP 1979 ICRP 1991 ICRP 2007 Gonads 0.25 0.20 0.08 Red marrow 0.12 0.12 0.12 Colon 0.12 0.12 Lungs 0.12 0.12 0.12 Stomach 0.12 0.12 Bladder 0.05 0.04 Breasts 0.15 0.05 0.12 Liver 0.05 0.04 Esophagus 0.05 0.04 Thyroid 0.03 0.05 0.04 Skin 0.01 0.01 Bone surfaces 0.03 0.01 0.01 Salivary glands, brain 0.01 Remainder of body 0.30 0.05 0.12 - TABLE 6
Effective Dose Values (mSv/MBq) for Various Heart Agents Based on ICRP 1979 and 1991 Weighting Factors
Weighting factor 201Tl-Chloride 99mTc-MIBI resting 99mTc-MIBI exercise 99mTc-Tetrofosmin resting 99mTc-Tetrofosmin exercise 82Rb 13NH3 ICRP 1979 2.3E-01 1.2E-02* 9.6E-03* 1.1E-02* 8.8E-03* 4.8E-03 2.7E-03 ICRP 1991 2.2E-01 9.0E-03 7.9E-03 7.6E-03 7.0E-03 3.4E-03 2.0E-03 ↵* Not reported by ICRP; estimated using ICRP biokinetic data.
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