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Research ArticleAI/Advanced Image Analysis

Deep-Learning Generation of Synthetic Intermediate Projections Improves 177Lu SPECT Images Reconstructed with Sparsely Acquired Projections

Tobias Rydén, Martijn Van Essen, Ida Marin, Johanna Svensson and Peter Bernhardt
Journal of Nuclear Medicine April 2021, 62 (4) 528-535; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.245548
Tobias Rydén
1Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Martijn Van Essen
2Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ida Marin
1Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Johanna Svensson
3Department of Oncology, Institution of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
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Peter Bernhardt
1Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
4Department of Radiation Physics, Institution of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract

The aims of this study were to decrease the 177Lu-SPECT acquisition time by reducing the number of projections and to circumvent image degradation by adding deep-learning–generated synthesized projections. Methods: We constructed a deep convolutional U-net–shaped neural network for generation of synthetic intermediate projections (CUSIPs). The number of SPECT investigations was 352 for training, 37 for validation, and 15 for testing. The input was every fourth projection of 120 acquired SPECT projections, that is, 30 projections. The output was 30 synthetic intermediate projections (SIPs) per CUSIP. SPECT images were reconstructed with 120 or 30 projections, or with 120 projections when 90 SIPs were generated from 30 projections (30–120SIPs), using 3 CUSIPs. The reconstructions were performed with 2 ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithms: attenuation-corrected (AC) OSEM, and attenuation, scatter, and collimator response–corrected (ASCC) OSEM. The quality of the SIPs and SPECT images was quantitatively evaluated with root-mean-square error, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM) index metrics. From a Jaszczak SPECT phantom, the recovery and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were determined. In addition, an experienced observer qualitatively assessed the SPECT image quality of the test set. Kidney activity concentrations, as determined from the different SPECT images, were compared. Results: The generated SIPs had a mean SSIM value of 0.926 (SD, 0.061). For AC-OSEM, the reconstruction with 30–120SIPs had higher SSIM (0.993 vs. 0.989, P < 0.001) and PSNR (49.5 vs. 47.2, P < 0.001) values than the reconstruction with 30 projections. ASCC-OSEM had higher SSIM and PSNR values than AC-OSEM (P < 0.001). There was a minor loss in recovery for 30–120SIPs, but SNR was clearly improved compared with 30 projections. The observer assessed 27 of 30 images reconstructed with 30 projections as having unacceptable noise levels, whereas the corresponding values were 2 of 60 for 30–120SIPs and 120 projections. Image quality did not differ significantly between 30–120SIPs and 120 projections. The kidney activity concentration was similar between the different projection sets, excepting a minor reduction of 2.5% for ASCC-OSEM 30–120SIPs. Conclusion: Adopting SIPs for sparsely acquired projections considerably recovers image quality and could allow a reduced SPECT acquisition time in clinical dosimetry protocols.

  • dosimetry
  • 177Lu
  • deep-learning
  • SPECT

Footnotes

  • Published online Aug. 28, 2020.

  • © 2021 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.
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Journal of Nuclear Medicine: 62 (4)
Journal of Nuclear Medicine
Vol. 62, Issue 4
April 1, 2021
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Deep-Learning Generation of Synthetic Intermediate Projections Improves 177Lu SPECT Images Reconstructed with Sparsely Acquired Projections
Tobias Rydén, Martijn Van Essen, Ida Marin, Johanna Svensson, Peter Bernhardt
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Apr 2021, 62 (4) 528-535; DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.245548

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Deep-Learning Generation of Synthetic Intermediate Projections Improves 177Lu SPECT Images Reconstructed with Sparsely Acquired Projections
Tobias Rydén, Martijn Van Essen, Ida Marin, Johanna Svensson, Peter Bernhardt
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Apr 2021, 62 (4) 528-535; DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.245548
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Keywords

  • dosimetry
  • 177Lu
  • deep-learning
  • SPECT
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