Research ArticleGenitourinary

11C-PABA as a PET Radiotracer for Functional Renal Imaging: Preclinical and First-in-Human Study

Camilo A. Ruiz-Bedoya, Alvaro A. Ordonez, Rudolf A. Werner, Donika Plyku, Mariah H. Klunk, Jeff Leal, Wojciech G. Lesniak, Daniel P. Holt, Robert F. Dannals, Takahiro Higuchi, Steven P. Rowe and Sanjay K. Jain
Journal of Nuclear Medicine November 2020, 61 (11) 1665-1671; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.239806

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure1
  • FIGURE 1.
    FIGURE 1.

    11C-PABA PET/CT renal imaging in healthy rats. (A) Coronal dynamic 11C-PABA PET images of right kidney from representative rat show rapid cortical uptake after 2 min, followed by rapid clearance through pelvicalyceal system. (B) Maximum-intensity-projection 11C-PABA PET/CT images show abdominal aorta and iliac arteries 60 s after injection, as well as high activity in bladder (Bl) after 20 min, with low background signal in other tissues. (C) Average 11C-PABA time–activity curves for kidneys and bladder. Data are mean (solid lines) and SD (shaded areas) (n = 4). %ID = percentage injected dose.

  • FIGURE 2.
    FIGURE 2.

    11C-PABA and 99mTc-MAG3 tissue biodistribution in rats. Healthy rats received simultaneous intravenous injections of 11C-PABA and 99mTc-MAG3 and were killed 30 min afterward. 99mTc-MAG3 counts were determined 2 h after 11C-PABA counts, when signal from 11C (physical half-life, 20 min) would have completely decayed. (A) Biodistribution of 11C-PABA was primarily within kidneys, with very low activity in all other measured organs. (B) Conversely, biodistribution of 99mTc-MAG3 had higher background activity. Data are mean and SD (n = 4).

  • FIGURE 3.
    FIGURE 3.

    11C-PABA PET/CT renal imaging in healthy rabbits. (A) Coronal dynamic 11C-PABA PET/CT images of right kidney of representative rabbit show rapid delineation of renal cortex and then accumulation in pelvicalyceal system. (B) Maximum-intensity-projection 11C-PABA PET/CT image at 20 min shows similar uptake in left and right kidneys, with low background signal in other organs. (C) Average 11C-PABA time–activity curves for kidneys. Data are mean (n = 2). %ID = percentage injected dose.

  • FIGURE 4.
    FIGURE 4.

    11C-PABA PET renal imaging in healthy human subjects. (A) Maximum-intensity-projection 11C-PABA PET/CT images of representative subject. Vascular phase is observed starting 22 s after injection, demonstrating renal perfusion. Cortical uptake phase is evident within 2.7 and 3.2 min, with maximal parenchymal uptake in renal cortex. Excretory phase is seen after 9 min, indicating maximal uptake in pelvicalyceal system. (B) Average 11C-PABA time–activity curves for kidneys and blood (aorta). Data are mean (solid lines) and SD (shaded areas) (n = 3).

Tables

  • TABLE 1

    Characteristics of Human Subjects

    Subject no.SexAge (y)BMI (kg/m2)Creatinine (mg/dL)GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)Albumin (g/dL)Injected 11C-PABA dose (MBq)
    1M23210.81544.9685.6
    2M25200.81434.8671.2
    3F30210.71344.8683.4

    • BMI = body mass index; GFR = glomerular filtration rate.

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