Computational Nuclear Oncology Toward Precision Radiopharmaceutical Therapies: Ethical, Regulatory, and Socioeconomic Dimensions of Theranostic Digital Twins

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Author Information

Lidia Strigari¹,
Jazmin Schwarz²,
Tyler Bradshaw³,
Julia Brosch-Lenz⁴,
Geoffrey Currie⁵,
Georges El-Fakhri⁶,
Abhinav K. Jha⁷,
Signe Mežinska⁸,
Neeta Pandit-Taskar⁹,¹⁰,
Emilie Roncali¹¹,
Kuangyu Shi¹²,
Carlos Uribe¹³,
Tahir Yusufaly¹⁴,
Habib Zaidi¹⁵,¹⁶,
Arman Rahmim¹⁷ and
Babak Saboury¹⁸

¹Department of Medical Physics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy;
²Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York;
³Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin;
⁴Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Glen Burnie, Maryland;
⁵School of Dentistry and Health Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia;
⁶Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
⁷Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri;
⁸Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia;
⁹Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York;
¹⁰Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York;
¹¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California;
¹²Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;
¹³Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
¹⁴Division of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
¹⁵Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland;
¹⁶Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands;
¹⁷Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
¹⁸United Theranostics, Bethesda, Maryland