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Research ArticleBasic Science Investigation

Performance Evaluation of the uEXPLORER Total-Body PET/CT Scanner Based on NEMA NU 2-2018 with Additional Tests to Characterize PET Scanners with a Long Axial Field of View

Benjamin A. Spencer, Eric Berg, Jeffrey P. Schmall, Negar Omidvari, Edwin K. Leung, Yasser G. Abdelhafez, Songsong Tang, Zilin Deng, Yun Dong, Yang Lv, Jun Bao, Weiping Liu, Hongdi Li, Terry Jones, Ramsey D. Badawi and Simon R. Cherry
Journal of Nuclear Medicine June 2021, 62 (6) 861-870; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.250597
Benjamin A. Spencer
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
2Department of Radiology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
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Eric Berg
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
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Jeffrey P. Schmall
3United Imaging Healthcare, Houston, Texas; and
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Negar Omidvari
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
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Edwin K. Leung
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
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Yasser G. Abdelhafez
2Department of Radiology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
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Songsong Tang
4United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
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Zilin Deng
4United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
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Yun Dong
4United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
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Yang Lv
4United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
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Jun Bao
4United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
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Weiping Liu
4United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
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Hongdi Li
3United Imaging Healthcare, Houston, Texas; and
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Terry Jones
2Department of Radiology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
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Ramsey D. Badawi
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
2Department of Radiology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
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Simon R. Cherry
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
2Department of Radiology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
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  • FIGURE 1.
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    FIGURE 1.

    Photograph of uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT scanner installed at EXPLORER Molecular Imaging Center in Sacramento, CA.

  • FIGURE 2.
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    FIGURE 2.

    Axial sensitivity profiles for 70-cm (NEMA NU 2-2018) (A) and 170-cm (B) line source phantoms. Sinogram slice thickness is 1.444 mm.

  • FIGURE 3.
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    FIGURE 3.

    (A and B) 70-cm-long NEMA NU 2 scatter phantom (A) and 175-cm-long scatter phantom (B) assembled from multiple NEMA NU 2 phantoms on uEXPLORER PET/CT patient bed. (C and D) Measured count-rates with 70-cm-long (C) and 175-cm-long (D) scatter phantom. Count-rate measures are plotted vs. left vertical axes; scatter fractions are plotted vs. right vertical axes. Activity concentrations for A and B were computed by dividing total activity in phantom at each time-point by phantom volume (22 L for 70-cm-long phantom and 55 L for 175-cm-long phantom).

  • FIGURE 4.
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    FIGURE 4.

    TOF resolution plotted vs. activity concentration using 70-cm-long NEMA NU 2 scatter phantom. TOF resolution of 505 ps at 5.3 kBq/mL was obtained.

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    FIGURE 5.

    Reconstructed image slices of mini-Derenzo phantom imaged at axial center (A and B) and ⅟₁₆ AFOV (C and D) and with 2 orientations: transaxial (A and C) and sagittal (B and D). Image slice thickness is 1.172 mm.

  • FIGURE 6.
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    FIGURE 6.

    Contrast recovery (A) and background variability (B) measured with standard NEMA IQ phantom evaluation placed at center of AFOV and scanned for 30 min.

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    FIGURE 7.

    Contrast recovery (A and B) and background variability (C and D) as function of scan duration (A and C) and activity (B and D). Percentage activity is relative to initial activity in phantom at starting time of scans. (E) Transaxial image slices of 30-min scan at several imaging time-points reconstructed using clinical protocol. All images are decay-corrected and use same color scale: 0–20 kBq/mL.

  • FIGURE 8.
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    FIGURE 8.

    Human imaging examples of performance of uEXPLORER total-body PET scanner. (A) Axial slice from 18F-fluciclovine PET image (right), with corresponding fused image (middle) and CT image (left), of 68-y-old patient with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer, demonstrating clear visualization of 18F-flucicovine accumulation within 2.5-mm-diameter pulmonary nodule. (B) Maximum-intensity projection of representative clinical oncology 18F-FDG PET scan reconstructed with 20-, 5-, and 2.5-min durations, of 59-y-old patient with lung cancer. Images show primary tumor in left lower lobe of lung (dashed circle), with multiple variable-sized (0.8–6 cm) hilar, mediastinal, and lower esophageal nodal metastases (arrows) and ∼1-cm 18F-FDG–avid left adrenal nodule (arrowhead), which is visualized for all scan durations.

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    TABLE 1

    Spatial Resolution of 18F Point Sources Measured with Fourier-Rebinned Filtered Backprojection Reconstruction

    Full width at half maximum (mm)
    LocationPositionTangentialRadialAxial
    Center AFOV1 cm3.03.02.8
    10 cm3.13.43.2
    20 cm4.04.73.2
    ⅛ AFOV1 cm2.93.02.9
    10 cm3.23.63.1
    20 cm4.44.63.3
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    TABLE 2

    Contrast Recovery and Background Variability at 5 Locations Along AFOV

    37-mm sphere22-mm sphere
    Axial positionBackground activity (kBq/mL)Scan durationCRCBackground variabilityCRCBackground variability
    −63 cm (⅟₂₀ AFOV)3.310.5 min96.8%1.4%94.7%2.8%
    −39 cm (³⁄₁₀ AFOV)3.69.6 min96.7%1.7%96.8%2.4%
    0 cm (center)4.57.6 min95.8%1.6%98.9%1.9%
    +39 cm (⁷⁄₁₀ AFOV)2.911.7 min94.7%1.6%96.7%2.4%
    +63 cm (⁸⁄₁₀ AFOV)2.713.0 min91.5%1.8%90.4%2.5%
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    TABLE 3

    Parameters Associated with Images Displayed in Figure 8

    FigureImageInjected doseSubject weightTime pointScan durationSingles/prompts/randomsDead-time fraction
    8ATransaxial slices320 MBq 18F-fluciclovine76 kg4 min after injection10-min101/24.7/18.3 Mcps14.4%
    8BMaximum-intensity projection188 MBq 18F-FDG93 kg90 min after injection20, 5, and 2.5 min19.6/4.4/2.2 Mcps1.2%
    • Count rates were extracted from list-mode tags; dead-time fractions were estimated according to dead-time fractions at equivalent activity concentration with 175-cm scatter phantom.

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Journal of Nuclear Medicine: 62 (6)
Journal of Nuclear Medicine
Vol. 62, Issue 6
June 1, 2021
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Performance Evaluation of the uEXPLORER Total-Body PET/CT Scanner Based on NEMA NU 2-2018 with Additional Tests to Characterize PET Scanners with a Long Axial Field of View
Benjamin A. Spencer, Eric Berg, Jeffrey P. Schmall, Negar Omidvari, Edwin K. Leung, Yasser G. Abdelhafez, Songsong Tang, Zilin Deng, Yun Dong, Yang Lv, Jun Bao, Weiping Liu, Hongdi Li, Terry Jones, Ramsey D. Badawi, Simon R. Cherry
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Jun 2021, 62 (6) 861-870; DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.250597

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Performance Evaluation of the uEXPLORER Total-Body PET/CT Scanner Based on NEMA NU 2-2018 with Additional Tests to Characterize PET Scanners with a Long Axial Field of View
Benjamin A. Spencer, Eric Berg, Jeffrey P. Schmall, Negar Omidvari, Edwin K. Leung, Yasser G. Abdelhafez, Songsong Tang, Zilin Deng, Yun Dong, Yang Lv, Jun Bao, Weiping Liu, Hongdi Li, Terry Jones, Ramsey D. Badawi, Simon R. Cherry
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Jun 2021, 62 (6) 861-870; DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.250597
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Keywords

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