Research ArticleFocus on Molecular Imaging

The Latest Advances in Imaging Crosstalk Between the Immune System and Fibrosis in Cardiovascular Disease

Gyu Seong Heo, Lanlan Lou, Deborah Sultan and Yongjian Liu
Journal of Nuclear Medicine October 2021, 62 (10) 1341-1346; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.255539

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • FIGURE 1.
    FIGURE 1.

    Molecular and cellular processes of immune cells involved in inflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis. (Adapted with permission of (4).) DAMPs = damage-associated molecular patterns; IL-10 = interleukin 10; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.

  • FIGURE 2.
    FIGURE 2.

    PET of 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i in mouse model of closed-chest I/R injury. (A) Representative 18F-FDG PET/CT images obtained 5 d after 90 min of I/R injury identifying infarct region in mice that underwent I/R compared with sham controls. Transverse, coronal, and maximal-intensity-projection views are shown, and white arrows denote infarct area. (B) 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i PET/CT images showing regional accumulation of 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i signal in infarct and border zone 4 d after I/R injury. Yellow arrows identify tracer uptake in hearts that underwent I/R injury compared with sham controls. White arrows denote infarct area as determined by 18F-FDG imaging. (C) Trichrome and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining show evolution of fibrosis (trichrome-blue, ×40) and cell infiltration (H&E, ×200) over time in closed-chest I/R injury model. Dense accumulation of cells is seen within infarct 4 d after I/R injury. (D) Linear regression analyses showing relationship between 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i heart uptake measured on day 4 and echocardiographic assessment of LV ejection fraction and akinetic area measured on day 28 after I/R injury. %ID = percentage injected dose. (Reprinted with permission of (19).)

  • FIGURE 3.
    FIGURE 3.

    68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT in rat MI model. (A) Static PET/CT matched axial slices in same rat subjected to coronary ligation and scanned 1 h after injection of 68Ga-FAPI-04 (1, 3, 6, 14, 23, and 30 d after MI) and 18F-FDG (3 d after MI). Dashed lines separate tracer uptake in myocardium from uptake in surgical wounds. At day 6, representative regions of interest drawn over infarct border zone and remote myocardium are illustrated as red and black circles, respectively. (B) Corresponding time–activity curves for infarcted and noninfarcted heart tissue (mean ± SD, n = 3). 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG exhibited elevated uptake in scars from operation (asterisk). %ID = percentage injected dose. (Reprinted from (31).)

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