Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Overview of current imaging approaches targeting cellular compounds of TME. Activity of TAMs, MDSCs, and neutrophils as protumoral immune cells infiltrating primary tumor is reflected by visualizing specific targets for current molecular imaging approaches. Antitumoral NK cells have been addressed by anti-CD56, whereas approaches targeting anti-CTLA-4, anti-CD4/CD8, and carcinoembryonic antigen T-cell–specific antibody (CEA TCB) for T-cell imaging have been reported.
- FIGURE 2.
(A) Imaging of TAM distribution in mouse with soft-tissue sarcoma 24 h after intravenous injection of AMTA680, with naïve MR images shown at top and fused fluorescence-mediated tomography and MR images at bottom. (Adapted with permission of (21).) (B) Fluorescence imaging of TAM activity in murine 4T1 breast cancer. The specific tracer anti-S100A9-Cy5.5 shows high accumulation within tumor lesion, whereas homogeneous signal of nonspecifically binding rabIgG-Cy5.5 reflects tumor perfusion. (C) 89Zr-HDL–driven in vivo PET for imaging TAMs in murine 4T1 breast cancer 24 h after tracer injection. CT image is on left and PET/CT image on right. (Adapted with permission of (17).) %ID = percentage injected dose.
- FIGURE 3.
T-cell in vivo imaging within TME. (A) PET imaging using 64Cu-DOTA–labeled anti-CTLA-4 showing specific tracer accumulation in murine CT26 colon carcinoma in representative coronal (left) and sagittal (right) slices. Results suggest promise for evaluating targeted therapy by anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies. (Adapted with permission of (41).) (B) PET imaging after injection of 18F-labeled anti–PD-L1 Affibody molecule. Tracer allows for imaging of PD-L1 expressing LOX malignant melanoma (left) in comparison with negative controls of nonexpressing lymphoma SUDHL6 (middle) and blocked LOX tumor (right). (Adapted with permission of (48).) %ID = percentage injected dose.
Tables
Cell type Cell surface markers Functions in TME TAM CD11b+ CD14+ CD31+ CD34+ CD45+ CD68+ CD117− CD133− CD146− CD204+ CD206+ CCR2+ CSF1R+ MHCII+ VEGFR1+ VEGFR2− (human/mouse); F4/80 (mouse); CD23+ CD16+ CXCR4+ (human) Enhancement of angiogenesis and remodeling; tumor promotion; association with poor prognosis MDSC CD11b+ CD14+ MHCI+ MHCIIlow (human/mouse); GR1+ CD11b+ (mouse); CD11b+/− CD33+ CD34+ CD68− (human) Increased in almost all patients/animals with cancer; ability to suppress T cells as defining trait Neutrophil CD11b+ CD14low CD31+ CD66B+ CXCR2+ (human/mouse); GR1+ VEGFR1+ CXCR1− (mouse); CD15+ CXCR1+ (human) Enhancement of angiogenesis and metastasis in animal models; increased levels in patients with colon, gastric and lung cancer; association with poor prognosis in bronchoalveolar carcinoma CD4+ T cell CD3+ CD4+ CD45+ (human/mouse) T-helper 1 cells: assistance to CD8+ cells in tumor rejection; T-helper 2 cells: polarization of immunity away from antitumor response CD8+ T cell CD3+ CD8+ CD45+ (human/mouse) Effector cells of adaptive immune system; specific recognition and destruction of cancer cells through perforin- and granzyme-mediated apoptosis Regulatory T cells CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+(human/mouse) Central role in tumor maintenance via suppression of antitumor immune response; blocking of CD8+ cell activation and NK cell killing; infiltration associated with poor prognosis (14) NK cell CD11b+ CD27+; CD3− CD16+/− CD56+; CD3− CD335+ NKp46+ (human/mouse) Effector lymphocytes; toxicity to cancer cells through perforin-granzyme–mediated apoptosis; contribution to immunosurveillance of cancer; low NK-like cytotoxicity in peripheral blood associated with increased risk of cancer CCR = C-C chemokine receptor; CSF = colony-stimulating factor; CXCR = C-X-C chemokine receptor; FOXP = forkhead box protein; MHC = major histocompatibility complex; VEGFR = vascular endothelial growth factor.
Adapted with permission of (2).
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