Article Figures & Data
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- FIGURE 1.
Glucose metabolism in mammalian cells. Afferent blood delivers glucose and oxygen (on hemoglobin) to tissues, where it reaches cells by diffusion. Glucose is taken up by specific transporters, where it is converted first to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase and then to pyruvate, generating 2 adenosine triphosphates per glucose. In presence of oxygen, pyruvate is oxidized to HCO3−, generating 36 additional adenosine triphosphates per glucose. In absence of oxygen, pyruvate is reduced to lactate, which is exported from cell. Both processes produce hydrogen ions (H+), which acidify extracellular space. ATP = adenosine triphosphate; HbO2 = oxygenated hemoglobin. (Reprinted with permission of (1).)
- FIGURE 2.
Schematic overview of single-injection protocol. In vitro calibrations (upper panel) are used to define relationship between molar relaxivity of gadolinium-DOTA-4AmP5− and pH. In vivo calibrations (lower panel) involve coinjection of pH-independent gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and dysprosium-DOTP. These data are used to define in vivo relationship between concentration of gadolinium contrast agent and echoplanar spectroscopic imaging–measured line width. In experiment, line width induced by coinjected concentration of dysprosium contrast agent is used to calculate per-pixel concentration of gadolinium-DOTA-4AmP5−, which is then combined with T1 values to calculate molar relaxivity and, hence, pH (9). CA = contrast agent; DOTP = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetra(methylene phosphonic acid); DTPA = diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; EPSI = echoplanar spectroscopic imaging; LW = line width; R1 = spin-lattice relaxation rate (R1 = 1/T1); r1 = molar relaxivity.
- FIGURE 3.
pHe map of mouse MCF-7 breast tumor model. pH was measured by paramagnetic CEST MRI with contrast agent ytterbium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-tetraacetic acid, 10-oaminoanilide. (Data courtesy of M. Pagel (15).)
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