JNM
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Figures Only
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Tzen, K.-Y.
Right arrow Articles by Ting, G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Tzen, K.-Y.
Right arrow Articles by Ting, G.
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 42 No. 3 408-413
© 2001 by Society of Nuclear Medicine

CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease and Vascular Parkinsonism by 99mTc-TRODAT-1

Kai-Yuan Tzen, Chin-Song Lu, Tzu-Chen Yen, Shiaw-Pyng Wey and Gann Ting

Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Ko and Keelung, Taipei Medical Center and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University; and Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Lung-Tan, Taiwan


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 
The aim of this study was to use brain SPECT to differentiate vascular parkinsonism (VP) from Parkinson’s disease. Methods: Fourteen VP patients (age range, 59–87 y; mean age, 70 ± 7.5 y), 30 Parkinson’s disease patients (age range, 54–84 y; mean age, 65 ± 8.8 y), and 26 healthy (control) individuals (age range, 50–85 y; mean age, 60 ± 9 y) were examined. A 925-MBq (25 mCi) dose of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 was injected intravenously, and brain SPECT images were acquired 4 h after injection. The ratio of specific to nonspecific striatal 99mTc-TRODAT-1 binding was measured and compared. Results: After a region-of-interest analysis of the images from VP patients, Parkinson’s disease patients, and healthy volunteers was performed to obtain ratios of putamen to occipital and striatal to occipital binding as a measurement of specific binding to the dopamine transporters in these regions of the brain, where dopamine neurons are concentrated, the specific binding in the 14 VP patients was slightly lower than but not statistically different from that of the healthy individuals in both putamen and caudate areas. A significant decrease in uptake of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in the striatum (P < 0.01) was found in Parkinson’s disease patients. Reduction of the uptake was more pronounced in the contralateral putamen of Parkinson’s disease patients than that of VP patients (P < 0.001). A significant bilateral striatal asymmetry was also observed in Parkinson’s disease patients but not in VP patients (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Our findings clearly show that, for VP patients, 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT is a reliable method to differentiate VP from Parkinson’s disease. Further studies, including those to differentiate Parkinson’s disease from arteriosclerotic parkinsonism and patients with both VP and Parkinson’s disease, are needed to help rule out the possibility of Parkinson’s disease as early as possible.

Key Words: Parkinson’s disease • vascular parkinsonism • 99mTc-TRODAT-1


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 
Vascular parkinsonism (VP) is a term applied to patients with clinical symptoms of lower body parkinsonism, multiple cerebral infarctions in basal ganglia or white matter (or both), exclusion of other degenerative diseases that can induce parkinsonism, no prior administration of drugs that can induce parkinsonism, and no, or insufficient, response to anti-Parkinson’s disease drugs (1–3). Early diagnosis of VP is important because the VP patients’ prognosis and response to treatment are different from those of patients with Parkinson’s disease (4). Until recently, diagnosis of both Parkinson’s disease and VP has been made purely on clinical grounds by most neurologists. However, like Parkinson’s disease, VP may have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. According to the results of an autopsy series of 100 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease made by neurology experts, only 76% were definitively diagnosed to have Parkinson’s disease, including 3% who also had VP (5). Therefore, differentiation of VP patients from Parkinson’s disease patients on the basis of clinical information is difficult, even for a specialized neurologist. Recently, 18F-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) PET scanning was thought to be a powerful diagnostic tool to support the impression of Parkinson’s disease; however, the limitations of this examination are that it is expensive and is not readily available for common use in clinical practice (6–8).

TRODAT-1 is a cocaine analog that can bind to the dopamine transporter (DAT) sites at presynaptic neuron membrane and can easily be labeled with 99mTc in most nuclear medicine departments throughout the world (9–11). Recent research from our group showed that 99mTc-TRODAT-1 is useful in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and Machado-Joseph disease (12–14). The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in the diagnosis of VP and to provide a single, simple, and useful method of differentiating VP from Parkinson’s disease.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 
Patients
Fourteen VP patients (age range, 59–87 y; mean age, 70 ± 7.5 y) and 30 Parkinson’s disease patients (age range, 54–84 y; mean age, 65 ± 8.8 y), referred from our Neurology Department, were included in this prospective study. The Parkinson’s disease and VP patients were both matched for age (within 5 y) and disease duration (within 5 y). The inclusion criteria for VP are clinical symptoms of lower body parkinsonism, multiple cerebral infarctions in basal ganglia or white matter (or both), exclusion of other degenerative diseases that can induce parkinsonism, no prior administration of drugs that can induce parkinsonism, and no, or insufficient, response to anti-Parkinson’s disease drugs. Lower body parkinsonism was defined as the presence of at least two of the four cardinal signs: tremor at rest, bradykinesia, rigidity, and loss of postural reflexes and predominant rigid akinesia. Evidence of multiple cerebral infarctions in the basal ganglia or white matter (or both) was assessed using a vascular score based on clinical, historic, and neuroimaging data (small, deep, or territorial infarcts and white matter lesions on MRI, CT, or both) (15–18). Parkinson’s disease was defined as existing with the criteria for possible diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease by Gelb et al. (19), exclusion of other degenerative diseases that can induce parkinsonism, and no prior administration of drugs that can induce parkinsonism. 99mTc-TRODAT-1 brain SPECT and MRI were performed with the informed consent of each patient for both quantitative analyses (imaging registration) and qualitative comparison. Twenty-six age-matched (within 5 y) healthy volunteers (age range, 50–85 y; mean age, 60 ± 9 y) were included as a control group. No significant differences in the ages of these three groups existed (t test, P > 0.10). All Parkinson’s disease patients were off dopamine replacement therapy for at least 12 h before injection. The healthy volunteers were free of any neurologic or psychiatric disease and were not taking drugs known to affect the dopaminergic system. This protocol was approved by the medical ethics committee of this hospital, and all subjects participating in this study gave informed consent.

99mTc-TRODAT-1 Brain SPECT
99mTc-TRODAT-1 was prepared by using kits from the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research of Taiwan. Each subject received a dose of 925 MBq (25 mCi) in a 2-mL volume. Imaging was performed 4 h after intravenous injection of 99mTc-TRODAT-1. SPECT images were obtained using a Siemens MultiSPECT 3 three-head rotating gamma camera (CTI/Siemens, Knoxville, TN) fitted with fanbeam collimators; 120 images were acquired over 360°, with 60 s per rotational step and a 128 x 128 matrix size. Individual images were reconstructed with backprojection using a ramp-Butterworth filter, with cutoff frequency of 0.3 per cm and an order of 10. The data were corrected for the effects of photon attenuation using the first-order Chang’s method with an attenuation coefficient of 0.12, with the attenuation ellipses defined on the summed images of the entire dataset and applied, without modification, to all images individually. No attempt was made to correct for partial-volume effects. The slice thickness and in-plane size was 2.9 mm. Three reconstructed transaxial slices were summed and reoriented in parallel, with the orbitomeatal line with the highest signal in the region of the basal ganglia as the central slice (13,14). All images were reviewed by three nuclear medicine physicians who were unaware of the clinical status of the subjects, and all decisions were confirmed by at least two of the three physicians.

MRI
VP and Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy volunteers were examined using a 0.5-T MRI scanner. T1-weighted axial images (repetition time [TR], 500 ms; echo time [TE], 25 ms) and T2-weighted axial images (TR, 3500 ms; TE, 120 ms) were obtained in the transaxial plane (6-mm slice thickness and 0.6-mm gap). Diagnoses were made separately by three neuroradiologists who were unaware of the clinical status of the subjects.

Data Processing
For analysis of the striatal binding of 99mTc-TRODAT-1, the ratio of specific to nonspecific binding was calculated by summing up three adjacent transverse slices representing the most intense striatal DAT binding. Analyses were performed by investigators who were unaware of the clinical data. A standard region-of-interest template (using a stereotactic shape obtained from an MRI atlas, including the entire striatum and occipital cortex) was placed bilaterally on the acquired images (12–14). Estimates of specific striatal binding were made by subtracting occipital counts from striatal counts. The ratio of specific to nonspecific striatal 99mTc-TRODAT-1 binding was then calculated by dividing the specific striatal uptake by the occipital binding.

Statistics
All data were analyzed using the computer software package JMP 3.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) on a Macintosh computer. Differences between these three groups were examined by ANOVA. Differences in binding ratios of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in the striatum from the data of the Parkinson’s disease, VP, and healthy (control) individuals were examined by the ANOVA and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. P < 5% was considered to be significant.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 
Transaxial images of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT and MRI in a VP patient and a Parkinson’s disease patient are shown in Figure 1. In the VP patient, the 99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake in bilateral striata was nearly normal. However, multiple cerebral infarctions in both basal ganglia and white matter were observed on the MR image. In the Parkinson’s disease patient, the MRI findings were normal but the uptake of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 was significantly decreased in the left striatum, with a more noticeable decrease in the left putamen. Figure 2 shows the correlation of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake ratios in the striatum of the VP patients, Parkinson’s disease patients, and healthy volunteers (control group) at different age groups. The ratios of VP patients were decreased slightly, but no significant difference was observed between VP patients and healthy volunteers. An age-related reduction of the ratios was observed in both the control group and the VP patients (P < 0.05), but it was not observed in the Parkinson’s disease patients. In VP patients, the uptake value of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 was not correlated with the severity of the symptoms of lower body parkinsonism or cerebral infarctions in the basal ganglia by the Wilcoxcon rank sum test (P > 0.10). No preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in either the caudate or the putamen was observed in VP patients. Compared with the clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease patients, the uptake value of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in the striatum not only showed significant asymmetry but also was significantly decreased in the contralateral putamen region (P < 0.001). A significantly decreased uptake of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 was found bilaterally in the striatum in Parkinson’s disease patients compared with that of VP patients (P < 0.05), and the uptake was decreased more appreciably in the contralateral putamen region (P < 0.001) (Fig. 3). The significant differences in these groups were observed with both the Mann-Whitney U test and the ANOVA.



View larger version (144K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1. (A) 99mTc-TRODAT-1 brain SPECT and MR images of 62-y-old male VP patient. Symmetric and normal uptake of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in bilateral basal ganglia is observed (L = left image). Multiple small infarcts are seen bilaterally in basal ganglia and white matter (arrow) on MR image (R = right image). (B) 99mTc-TRODAT-1 brain SPECT and MR images of 62-y-old male Parkinson’s disease patient. Asymmetric and low uptake of 9mTc-TRODAT-1 in right putamen is observed (L = left image). No obvious abnormality is seen bilaterally in basal ganglia and white matter on MR image (R = right image).

 


View larger version (12K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2. 99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake ratios in striatum in age-matched healthy (normal) individuals, VP patients, and Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Age-related decline of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake ratios in striatum was observed in healthy individuals and in VP patients. In comparison with VP and Parkinson’s disease patients, 99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake ratio in striatum is asymmetric and significantly decreased bilaterally in Parkinson’s disease patients. S/O ratio = striatum-to-occipital ratio.

 


View larger version (12K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 3. Putamen-to-caudate uptake ratio (P/C ratio) for 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in age-matched VP and Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. 99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake in Parkinson’s disease patients is significantly decreased compared with that in VP patients, with uptake in contralateral putamen site more obviously decreased in Parkinson’s disease patients.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 
For many years, most neurologists believed VP to be lower body parkinsonism associated with multiple small infarcts in the bilateral basal ganglia or white matter (or both) with no, or poor, response to anti-Parkinson’s disease drugs. However, because of the similar symptomatology in parkinsonism patients, VP can be the result of a variety of causes. The lack of the validity of these definitions from the supporting data of clinicopathologic studies prevents a clear diagnosis, whereas the clinical characteristics and the pathologic lesions of VP remain uncertain (16–18,20,21). Differentiation of VP from Parkinson’s disease is important because of the different pathogenesis, prognosis, and responses to treatment (4). To the best of our knowledge, there is no single, useful, and convenient tool to differentiate these two diseases.

Recently, neuroimaging modalities, including CT and MRI, have provided support for the concept of arteriosclerosis-induced parkinsonism (22–28). Imaging studies showed that VP patients had more subcortical white or gray matter lesions (SCLs) than did patients with Parkinson’s disease (27). Although the location and number of infarcts did not correlate well with the clinical presentation of VP, lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia seemed to be commonly associated with VP (28). However, because the abnormalities of SCLs on CT and MRI are observed frequently in elderly hypertensive patients, these changes are often nonspecific. Therefore, the significance of SCL abnormalities observed on CT and MRI remains controversial, and there is no consensus on the diagnostic usefulness of these imaging results (29,30).

It is well established that 18F-DOPA is a PET tracer for imaging the in situ synthesis of dopamine. As such, it is useful for measuring in vivo production of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the presynaptic neuronal sites. However, use of 18F-DOPA as a routine clinical tool for detecting the integrity of dopamine neurons has several disadvantages. The in vivo metabolism of F-DOPA is quite complicated, which requires the analysis of metabolites in arterial blood samples. Some of the peripheral metabolites may cross the blood–brain barrier, thus contributing to the background and uncertainty of PET imaging. The kinetics of brain uptake and retention of F-DOPA in the brain are relatively complex and, therefore, require extensive kinetic modeling studies. Because of its high cost and lack of availability in most nuclear medicine departments, use of this examination in daily, clinical practice is limited (6–8).

The clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and VP may be similar, but the pathogenesis of these two diseases is quite different. Parkinson’s disease is one of the neurodegenerative disorders that affect the dopaminergic pathway. The most severely affected region in Parkinson’s disease is the putamen (31,32). In VP, chronic subcortical ischemia was observed secondary to hypertensive vascular disease, with partial preservation of the neurons in both the striatum and the deep white matter (33). Theoretically, the dopamine neurons have degenerated in the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease, but the dopamine neurons are nearly normal in VP. It is generally believed that DATs play an important role in controlling presynaptic dopamine function, including dopamine storage (34). It belongs to a family of the Na+/Cl--coupled neurotransmitter transporters, is exclusively found in dopamine neurons, and appears to be a protein reflecting the dopamine neuronal function (35–38). In this study, we used 99mTc-TRODAT-1 to evaluate dopamine neuron density in these two disease states. Our study showed that in VP patients, the uptake of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 was bilaterally symmetric in the striatum. Age-related reduction in uptake was observed, and it was decreased slightly compared with that of the control group. No preferentially decreased uptake of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in the putamen in VP patients was observed. In addition, the uptake of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in VP patients was not correlated with the severity of parkinsonism or the extent of lesions of cerebral infarcts in the basal ganglia. Our results are compatible with those of the 2ß-carboxymethoxy-3ß-(4-[123I]iodophenyl)tropane (123I-ß-CIT) studies on VP reported by Hamano et al. (39) and Bencsits et al. (40). However, 123I-ß-CIT was not widely available for daily use in a general nuclear medicine department and it also requires a prolonged waiting period (>15 h) after injection before SPECT imaging (39,40). Our results are consistent with the pathologic findings in VP patients that chronic subcortical ischemia was induced by the total extent of lesions in the basal ganglia, caused by multiple infarctions or hemorrhage, but not that the damage to dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra contributed to the core symptoms in VP. Rather, in VP, the dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra were preserved (33). These findings are also compatible with the clinical observations of Thompson and Marsden (23) that the severity of lower body parkinsonism was correlated with the severity of chronic subcortical ischemia. In this study, the uptake value of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in the striatum in Parkinson’s disease patients showed significant asymmetry and also was preferentially decreased in the contralateral putamen region. After comparison with the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale and Hoehn and Yahr scores in Parkinson’s disease patients, the decreased uptake of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in the striatum was correlated with the severity of symptoms. These findings are compatible with the pathologic findings that the striatum was most sensitive to dopamine neuronal damage in Parkinson’s disease, especially in the putamen, which is the most severely affected region. In comparison with Parkinson’s disease, our studies also clearly showed that the uptake ratios of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in VP were significantly higher in the contralateral striatum and more obviously decreased in the contralateral putamen site.


   CONCLUSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 
Because of the different pathogenesis of VP and Parkinson’s disease, which affects the DAT on the dopamine neurons in different ways, imaging DATs provides a powerful procedure to examine the different alterations that change the dopamine neuronal functions. Our data show that the specific uptake ratios of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 in the striatum can be an effective indicator to discriminate between these two apparently similar parkinsonian diseases. The 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT study has several attributes. It is based on using simple 99mTc kits, which are readily available and are as reliable as those used currently in nuclear medicine clinics. 99mTc imaging agents will likely provide a tool that is as readily assessable as that of the conventional brain scan based on regional cerebral blood flow images. Although the number of VP patients studied (n = 14) was insufficient to make a final conclusive appraisal of selectivity and sensitivity of this procedure, the data clearly show the feasibility of using this simple imaging technique to discriminate between VP and Parkinson’s disease. Further studies may be needed to examine the possible coexistence of VP and Parkinson’s disease as well as the specificity and reliability of using this imaging procedure in various VP-related parkinsonian patients who show similar clinical manifestations.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Shiann-Rong Lieu and Tsu-Min Tsai for assistance with data assembly and radiopharmaceutical preparation. The work on healthy volunteers and Parkinson’s disease was supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan (grants NSC 89–2314-B-182A-108-M08 and NSC 89-NU-7–182A-003).


   FOOTNOTES
 
Received Jun. 5, 2000; revision accepted Sep. 29, 2000.

For correspondence or reprints contact: Kai-Yuan Tzen, MD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199, Tung-Hwa North Road, Taipei, 105 Taiwan.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Critchley M. Arteriosclerotic parkinsonism. Brain. 1929;52:23–83.[Free Full Text]
  2. Eadie MJ, Sutherland JM. Arteriosclerosis in parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1964;27:237–240.
  3. Parkes JD, Marsden CD, Rees JE, et al. Parkinson’s disease, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and senile dementia. Q J Med. 1974;43:49–61.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Tissingh G, Booij J, Winogrodzka A, van Royen EA, Wolters EC. IBZM- and CIT-SPECT of the dopaminergic system in parkinsonism. J Neural Transm. 1997;50.(suppl):31–37.
  5. Daniel SE, Lees AJ. Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank, London: overview and research. J Neural Transm. 1993;39:165–172.
  6. Morrish PK, Rakshi JS, Bailey DL, Sawle GV, Brooks DJ. Measuring the rate of progression and estimating the preclinical period of Parkinson’s disease with [18F]dopa PET. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64:314–319.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Brooks DJ. The early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1998;44.(suppl):S10–S18.
  8. Morrish PK, Sawle GV, Brooks DJ. Regional change in [18F]dopa metabolism in the striatum in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 1996;119:2097–2103.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Goodman MM, Kung MP, Kabalka GW, Kung HF, Switzer R. Synthesis and characterization of radioiodinated N-(3-iodopropen-1-yl)-2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-(4-chlorophenyl)tropanes: potential dopamine reuptake site imaging agents. J Med Chem. 1994;37:1535–1542.[Medline]
  10. Kung HF, Kim HJ, Kung MP, Meegalla SK, Plossl K, Lee HK. Imaging of dopamine transporters in humans with technetium-99m TRODAT-1. Eur J Nucl Med. 1996;23:1527–1530.[Medline]
  11. Meegalla S, Plossl K, Kung MP, et al. Synthesis and characterization of technetium-99m-labeled tropanes as dopamine transporter-imaging agent. J Med Chem. 1997;40:9–17.[Medline]
  12. Tzen KY, Kao PF, Yen TC. Imaging of dopamine transporters in the human brain in the healthy and Parkinson’s disease with [99mTc]TRODAT/SPECT [abstract]. J Nucl Med. 1999;40.(suppl):27P.
  13. Yen TC, Tzen KY, Wey SP, Ting G. Decreased dopamine transporter binding in Machado-Joseph disease. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:994–998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Kao PF, Tzen KY, Yen TC, et al. The optimal imaging time for [99mTc]TRODAT-1/SPECT in normal subjects and patients with Parkinson’s disease. Nucl Med Commun. 2001:in press.
  15. Winikates JP, Jankovic J. Vascular progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neural Transm. 1994;43:189–201.
  16. Kyken ML, Wolf PA, Barnett HJM, et al. Risk factors in stroke: a statement for physicians by the Subcommittee on Risk Factors and Stroke Council. Stroke. 1984;15:1105–1111.
  17. Van Zagten M, Lodder J, Kessels F. Gait disorder and parkinsonian signs in patients with stroke related to small deep infarcts and white matter lesions. Mov Disord. 1998;13:89–95.[Medline]
  18. Winikates JP, Jankovic J. Clinical correlates of vascular parkinsonism. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:98–102.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Gelb DJ, Oliver E, Gilman S. Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:33–39.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Hurtig HI. Vascular parkinsonism. In: Stern MB, Koller WC, eds. Parkinsonian Syndromes. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1993:81–93.
  21. Yamanouchi H, Nagura H. Neurological signs and frontal white matter lesions in vascular parkinsonism: a clinicopathologic study. Stroke. 1997;28:965–969.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Tolosa ES, Santamaira J. Parkinsonism and basal ganglia infarcts. Neurology. 1984;34:1516–1518.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Thompson PD, Marsden CD. Gait disorder of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: Binswanger’s disease. Mov Disord. 1987;2:1–8.[Medline]
  24. DeWitt LD, Kistler JP, Miller DC, et al. NMR neuropathologic correlation in stroke. Stroke. 1987;18:342–351.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Van Swieten JC, van den Hout JHW, van Ketel BA, et al. Periventricular lesions in the white matter on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. Brain. 1991;114:761–774.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Braffman BH, Zimmerman RA, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Brain MR: pathologic correlation with gross and histopathology. 2. Hyperintense white matter foci in the elderly. AJNR. 1988;9:629–636.
  27. Zijlmans JC, Thijssen HO, Vogels OJ, et al. MRI in patients with suspected vascular parkinsonism. Neurology. 1995;45:2183–2188.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Reider-Groswasser I, Bornstein NM, Korczyn AD. Parkinsonism in patients with lacunar infarcts of the basal ganglia. Eur Neurol. 1995;35:46–49.[Medline]
  29. Fazekas F, Niederkorn K, Schmidt R, et al. White matter signal abnormalities in normal individuals: correlation with carotid ultrasonography, cerebral blood flow measurement, and cerebrovascular risk factors. Stroke. 1988;19:1285–1288.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Awad IA, Spetzler RF, Hodak JA, Awad CA, Carey R. Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. I. Correlation with age and cerebrovascular risk factors. Stroke. 1986;17:1084–1089.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Miller GW, Staley JK, Heilman CJ, et al. Immunochemical analysis of dopamine transporter protein in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:530–539.[Medline]
  32. Ben-Shachar D, Zuk R, Glinka Y. Dopamine neurotoxicity: inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. J Neurochem. 1995;64:718–724.[Medline]
  33. Zijmens JC, de Koster A, van’t Hof MA, Thijssen HO, Horstink MW, Heerschap A. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in suspected vascular parkinsonism. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;90:405–411.[Medline]
  34. Jones SR, Gainetdinov RR, Jaber M, Giros B, Wightman RM, Caron MG. Profound neuronal plasticity in response to inactivation of dopamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:4029–4034.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  35. Blakely RD, Berson HE, Fremeau RT Jr, et al. Cloning and expression of a functional serotonin transporter from rat brain. Nature. 1991;354:66–70.[Medline]
  36. Fritz JD, Jayanthi LD, Thoreson MA, Blakely RD. Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the murine norepinephrine transporter. J Neurochem. 1998;70:2241–2251.[Medline]
  37. Shimada S, Kitayama S, Lin CL, et al. Cloning and expression of cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter complementary DNA. Science. 1991;254:576–586.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Miller GW, Gainetdinov RR, Levey AI, Caron MG. Dopamine transporters and neuronal injury. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1999;20:424–429.[Medline]
  39. Hamano T, Tsuchida T, Hirayama M, et al. Dopamine transporter SPECT in patients with Parkinson’s disease [in Japanese]. Kaku Igaku. 2000;37:125–129.[Medline]
  40. Bencsits G, Pirker W, Asenbaum S, et al. Comparison of [123I]ß-CIT and SPECT in lower body Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease [abstract]. Mov Disord. 1998;13.(suppl):106.



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 JNMHome page
M. Lorberboym, R. Djaldetti, E. Melamed, M. Sadeh, and Y. Lampl
123I-FP-CIT SPECT Imaging of Dopamine Transporters in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease and Clinical Diagnosis of Vascular Parkinsonism
J. Nucl. Med., October 1, 2004; 45(10): 1688 - 1693.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNMHome page
Y.-H. Weng, T.-C. Yen, M.-C. Chen, P.-F. Kao, K.-Y. Tzen, R.-S. Chen, S.-P. Wey, G. Ting, and C.-S. Lu
Sensitivity and Specificity of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT Imaging in Differentiating Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease from Healthy Subjects
J. Nucl. Med., March 1, 2004; 45(3): 393 - 401.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 JNMHome page
C.-S. Lu, Y.-H. Weng, M.-C. Chen, R.-S. Chen, K.-Y. Tzen, S.-P. Wey, G. Ting, H.-C. Chang, and T.-C. Yen
99mTc-TRODAT-1 Imaging of Multiple System Atrophy
J. Nucl. Med., January 1, 2004; 45(1): 49 - 55.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNMHome page
T.-C. Yen, K.-Y. Tzen, M.-C. Chen, Y.-H. W. Chou, R.-S. Chen, C.-J. Chen, S.-P. Wey, G. Ting, and C.-S. Lu
Dopamine Transporter Concentration Is Reduced in Asymptomatic Machado-Joseph Disease Gene Carriers
J. Nucl. Med., February 1, 2002; 43(2): 153 - 159.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNMHome page
W.-S. Huang, S.-Z. Lin, J.-C. Lin, S.-P. Wey, G. Ting, and R.-S. Liu
Evaluation of Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease with 99mTc-TRODAT-1 Imaging
J. Nucl. Med., September 1, 2001; 42(9): 1303 - 1308.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Figures Only
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Tzen, K.-Y.
Right arrow Articles by Ting, G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Tzen, K.-Y.
Right arrow Articles by Ting, G.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY THE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE