Article Figures & Data
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Technologies Under Development and Operating Sites for 225Ac Production, Including Estimated Present and 2032 Capacities
Yearly production capacity (GBq/y/site) Comment Technology Source 2023 2032 Total (GBq/y) in 2032 A: [(233U→) 229Th→225Ac] (generator) ORNL, United States 26 26 Up to 3,000 [80] Highest quality of nca 225Ac; may enter price competitivity IPPE, Russia 37 (est.) 150 (est. 2025) to 300 (est. 2030) JRC-ITU, Germany 11 11 TRIUMF, Canada 0.4 0.4 TerraPower, United States >10 ≤2,700 Pantera, Belgium 0 >70 TerraPower source B: [232Th(p,x)225Ac+227Ac] (high-energy accelerator) BNL/ORNL LANL; Tri-Lab, United States 16.7 Potential, >3,700 >9,000 [>240] Contaminated with 227Ac (0.2% EOB - ∼1.5% at calibration); not suitable for large scale routine use CNL/TRIUMF, Canada; BWXT/ITM, United States/Germany >1 Idem >3,700 INR, Russia ≤1,000 SpectronRx, United States >1 >200 Others: Arronax, France; IsoDar, Japan; CIAE, China First GBq in 2024 Potential, >200 each C: [+…+225Ra→225Ac] (as side product) ∼10% of above; CNL/TRIUMF, Canada 0.3 >370 (theory) >370 [>10] High level of waste - expensive D: [226Ra(p,2n)225Ac] (cyclotron) First GBq >4,500 [>120] Additional sites under evaluation in other countries (Asia) SpectronRx, United States 2023 >500 Ionetix, United States 2023 1,900 Eckert&Ziegler, Germany 2024 550 Alfarim, Netherlands 2025 450–850 N-MediPhysics, Japan >2023 >500 KIRAMS, South Korea >2025 >500 D: [226Ra(d,3n)225Ac] (linear accelerator) Nusano, United States ≤160,000 Under evaluation E: [226Ra(γ,n)225Ra→225Ac] (photoconverter) NorthStar, United States 2023 3,700–15,000 >37,000 [>1,000] Rhodotron: nca 225Ac Pantera, Belgium 2027 3,700–5,000 TerraPower, United States 2029 3,700–5,000 Niowave, United States 2023 ≤18,000 Linac: nca 225Ac Hitachi, Japan >2024 >3,700 F: [226Ra(n,2n)225Ra→225Ac] (n from d on beryllium target) Nusano, United States ≤44,000 Under evaluation ORNL = Oak Ridge National Laboratory; nca = no carrier added; IPPE = I.I. Leypunsky Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, Obninsk; est. = estimated; JRC-ITE = Joint Research Centre–Institute for Transuranium Elements; TRIUMF = TRI University Meson Facility; BNL = Brookhaven National Laboratory; LANL = Los Alamos National Laboratory; EOB = end of bombardment; CNL = Canadian Nuclear Laboratories; BWXT = BWX Technologies Inc.; ITM = Isotope Technologies Munich SE; INR = Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Science; CIAE = China Institute of Atomic Energy; KIRAMS = Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences.
Data in brackets are curies.
