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Research ArticleClinical Investigation

Radiation Protection and Occupational Exposure on 68Ga-PSMA-11–Based Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging Procedures in Robot-Assisted Prostatectomy

Pedro Fragoso Costa, Wolfgang P. Fendler, Ken Herrmann, Patrick Sandach, Hong Grafe, Maarten R. Grootendorst, Lukas Püllen, Claudia Kesch, Ulrich Krafft, Jan P. Radtke, Stephan Tschirdewahn, Boris A. Hadaschik and Christopher Darr
Journal of Nuclear Medicine September 2022, 63 (9) 1349-1356; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.263175
Pedro Fragoso Costa
1Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
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Wolfgang P. Fendler
1Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
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Ken Herrmann
1Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
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Patrick Sandach
1Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
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Hong Grafe
1Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
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Maarten R. Grootendorst
3Clinical Department, Lightpoint Medical Ltd., Chesham, United Kingdom; and
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Lukas Püllen
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
4Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Claudia Kesch
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
4Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Ulrich Krafft
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
4Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Jan P. Radtke
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
4Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Stephan Tschirdewahn
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
4Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Boris A. Hadaschik
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
4Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Christopher Darr
2German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
4Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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  • FIGURE 1.
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    FIGURE 1.

    One-stop-shop protocol, including tracer administration (A), PET/CT imaging (B), and CLI during prostatectomy (C–E), permitted by remainder of 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake in prostate. Temporal sequence (black arrow) shows median time points after injection (p.i.) and decay-corrected whole-body activity expected for each step of protocol.

  • FIGURE 2.
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    FIGURE 2.

    Setup in operating theater and respective distances used for calculated personal equivalent doses based on patient-specific dose rate constants.

  • FIGURE 3.
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    FIGURE 3.

    Dose rate measurements at predefined positions (Pos.) (A) and respective linear regression lines (B). Positions are as follows: A = at head; B = right side; C = left side; D = at feet. Post-PET/CT = dose rate readings immediately before entering operating room; Pre-PET/CT = measurements immediately after tracer injection.

  • FIGURE 4.
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    FIGURE 4.

    EPD measurements (black bars) alongside computed values based on point source (PS) model (medium gray bars) at measured distance r. Variations of minus −10 cm (dark gray bars) and +10 cm (light gray bars) from distance r using PS assumption are shown.

  • FIGURE 5.
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    FIGURE 5.

    Activity quantification of excised prostate specimens decay corrected to time of excision. Black bars represent PET-based quantification (median, 3.83 kBq; IQR, 2.83–8.50 kBq). Gray bars represent HPGe measurement (GeDet) (median, 2.96 kBq; IQR, 2.23–7.65 kBq).

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    TABLE 1.

    Summary of Dose Rate Measurements, Activity at Time of Measurement, and Respective Patient-Specific Dose Rate Constants (Dose Rate/Activity)

    PositionActivity, MBqDose Rate/Activity, μSv ⋅ h−1 ⋅ MBq−1r2
    AverageSDAverageSD
    Point source (1 m)69.962.30.1450.002
     Patient before PET (1 m)112.217.7
      B0.0470.0040.70
      C0.0470.0050.66
     Patient after PET (1 m)64.541.7
      A0.0110.0030.92
      B0.0260.0040.96
      C0.0240.0050.97
      D0.0030.0040.84
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    TABLE 2.

    Demographic and Oncologic Data for 10 Patients

    CharacteristicValue
    Patient and imaging*
     Age, in y63 (56.5–69)
     BMI, in kg/m230.37 (24.25–34.68)
     Injected activity, in MBq122 (99.25–185)
     Activity derived from HPGe, in kBq/mL, corrected to time of excision2.96 (2.24–7.65)
     Activity derived from PET/CT in prostate, in kBq/mL, corrected to time of excision3.83 (2.83–8.50)
     Duration from tracer injection to CLI, in min328.5 (298.75–371.75)
     Duration from skin incision to CLI, in min130.2 (125.4–145.2)
    Surgical and oncologic†
     Organ-confined PC5 (50)
     Locally advanced PC5 (50)
     Initial PSA, in ng/mL*12.5 (8.3–15.25)
     Risk stratification according to D’Amico (34)
      Intermediate-risk PC5 (50)
      High-risk PC5 (50)
     ISUP-GGG
      24 (40)
      34 (40)
      40
      52 (20)
     Prostate specimen weight, in g*43.5 (41.25–55)
    • ↵* Reported as medians, with interquartile ranges in parentheses.

    • ↵† Reported as numbers of patients, with percentages in parentheses, unless otherwise indicated.

    • BMI = body mass index; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; ISUP-GGG = International Society of Urological Pathology Gleason grading group.

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Journal of Nuclear Medicine: 63 (9)
Journal of Nuclear Medicine
Vol. 63, Issue 9
September 1, 2022
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Radiation Protection and Occupational Exposure on 68Ga-PSMA-11–Based Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging Procedures in Robot-Assisted Prostatectomy
Pedro Fragoso Costa, Wolfgang P. Fendler, Ken Herrmann, Patrick Sandach, Hong Grafe, Maarten R. Grootendorst, Lukas Püllen, Claudia Kesch, Ulrich Krafft, Jan P. Radtke, Stephan Tschirdewahn, Boris A. Hadaschik, Christopher Darr
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Sep 2022, 63 (9) 1349-1356; DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263175

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Radiation Protection and Occupational Exposure on 68Ga-PSMA-11–Based Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging Procedures in Robot-Assisted Prostatectomy
Pedro Fragoso Costa, Wolfgang P. Fendler, Ken Herrmann, Patrick Sandach, Hong Grafe, Maarten R. Grootendorst, Lukas Püllen, Claudia Kesch, Ulrich Krafft, Jan P. Radtke, Stephan Tschirdewahn, Boris A. Hadaschik, Christopher Darr
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Sep 2022, 63 (9) 1349-1356; DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263175
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