Visual Abstract
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), a biomarker for neuroinflammation, is implicated in the progression and prognosis of ovarian cancer (OvCa). This study considered the repurposing of 11C-labeled 1,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (11C-PS13), a COX-1 PET neuroimaging radiopharmaceutical, in OvCa xenograft mouse models. Methods: 11C-PS13 was evaluated in ICRscid mice with subcutaneous or intraperitoneal human OVCAR-3 OvCa xenografts by dynamic PET/MRI, ex vivo biodistribution, and radiometabolite analysis of plasma and tumor. Results: OVCAR-3 xenografts were well visualized with 11C-PS13 in xenograft mouse models. Time–activity curves revealed a steady accumulation of tumor radioactivity that plateaued from 40 to 60 min and was significantly reduced by pretreatment with ketoprofen (3.56 ± 0.81 and 1.30 ± 0.18 percentage injected dose/g without and with pretreatment, respectively, P = 0.01). Radiometabolite analysis showed that intact 11C-PS13 accounted for more than 80% of radioactivity in the tumor, with less than 20% in plasma, at 40 min after injection. Conclusion: 11C-PS13 shows promise for PET imaging of COX-1 in OvCa, and rapid translation for clinical cancer research should be considered.
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the most lethal gynecologic cancer, accounting for 5% of all cancer-related deaths, because in 80% of patients the diagnosis is not made until the disease is advanced (1). Early detection of OvCa is desperately needed to improve patient outcomes, as cases diagnosed at an early stage have a 5-y survival rate of 93%, compared with the dire 17% for those diagnosed after the disease has metastasized (1). There are few PET radiopharmaceuticals for OvCa in a clinical setting. The most common, 18F-FDG, has downfalls such as false-negative results in early-stage OvCa and false-positive results when inflammatory comorbidities are present (2,3). Preclinical research is avidly pursuing novel PET biomarkers such as receptor overexpression, cell proliferation, vasculature, and hypoxia (3–10).
In OvCa, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis, tumorigenesis, and tumor invasion (11–13). To our knowledge, the only COX-1–targeted PET imaging agent being explored in preclinical oncology research is 18F-labeled 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4-(p-tolyl)furan-2(5H)-one (18F-FDF; half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50], 220 nM) (14). 11C-labeled 1,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (11C-PS13) is a COX-1–targeted PET radiopharmaceutical that is more than 200-fold more potent than 18F-FDF and has recently been translated for clinical neuroimaging research (15–18). This study explored the potential for repurposing 11C-PS13 in rodent models of OvCa via dynamic PET imaging, ex vivo biodistribution studies, and radiometabolite analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A description of the radiochemical synthesis of 11C-PS13 is available in the supplemental materials, which are available at http://jnm.snmjournals.org (17,19).
Tumor Xenograft Mouse Models
OVCAR-3 human OvCa cells (American Type Culture Collection) with high COX-1 expression (14) were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Life Technologies), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich), and 0.01 mg/mL bovine insulin (Sigma-Aldrich). The cells were cultured in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C. ICRscid mice (Taconic Biosciences) were inoculated subcutaneously on the right flank and imaged when tumors reached 0.75–1.0 cm in diameter, or they were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 × 107 OVCAR-3 cells in 100 μL of phosphate-buffered saline combined with 100 μL of Matrigel (Corning). Mice bearing intraperitoneal xenografts, which are more physiologically relevant than subcutaneous xenografts, were imaged sporadically from week 2 to week 6 after inoculation to examine the potential for 11C-PS13 to detect early-stage OvCa. Animal studies were conducted under protocol 817 approved by the Animal Care Committee at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, following Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines. Male mice were used to generate subcutaneous models for preliminary PET imaging, whereas female mice were used to generate intraperitoneal and subcutaneous cancer models for PET imaging and radiometabolite analysis, respectively.
PET/MRI and Biodistribution Studies
PET Acquisition
For small-animal PET combined with MRI, the mice were anesthetized by isoflurane in O2 (4%, 2 L/min induction; 1%–2%, 1 L/min maintenance) for lateral tail-vein catheterization and then transferred to a nanoScan PET/MRI 3-T scanner (Mediso). Six mice were injected through the tail-vein catheter with 11C-PS13 (2.00–9.93 MBq, 1.53–9.02 nmol/kg, 11–101 GBq/μmol). Two mice were pretreated with an intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg of the COX-1 inhibitor, ketoprofen (Selleck Chemicals), in 20 μL of dimethylsulfoxide 60 min before bolus injection of 11C-PS13.
With the mouse anesthetized and stable in the PET/MRI scanner, a short gradient-echo scout MRI was acquired for positioning the mouse in the PET field of view, followed by a T1-weighted material map MRI acquisition (a short gradient-echo 3-dimensional acquisition with a repetition time of 25 ms and an echo time of 4.76 ms) for PET and MRI coregistration and PET scatter and attenuation corrections. PET scans were initiated at the time of radioligand injection, and the list-mode data were acquired for 60 min with an energy window of 400–600 keV.
Biodistribution was performed on mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts. The mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and selected tissue samples were collected, weighed, and transferred to γ-counting tubes. Tissue radioactivity was measured with a γ-counter and expressed as %ID/g.
PET Data Analysis
Image analyses and extraction of time–activity curves in regions of interest were performed in Amide, version 1.0.4.
Acquired data were sorted into thirty-three 3-dimensional (3 × 5 s, 3 × 15 s, 3 × 20 s, 7 × 60 s, 17 × 180 s) true sinograms (ring difference, 84). The 3-dimensional sinograms were converted in 2-dimensional sinograms using Fourier rebinning (20) with corrections for detector geometry, efficiencies, attenuation, and scatter, before image reconstruction using 2-dimensional filtered backprojection with a Hann filter at a cutoff of 0.50 cm−1. A static image of the complete emission acquisition was reconstructed with the manufacturer’s iterative 3-dimensional algorithm (6 subsets, 4 iterations). The static iterative image was used for PET and MRI coregistration and for presentation in figures. All data were corrected for dead time and were decay-corrected to the start of acquisition. Dynamic filtered backprojection images were used to extract time–activity curves. Regions of interest were placed in the tumor or contralateral muscle tissue. Time–activity curves were extracted from regions of interest and expressed as percentage injected dose (%ID)/g, assuming tissue density of 1 g/mL.
Radiometabolite Analysis
Tumor-bearing mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation 40 min after injection with 11C-PS13 (16.84–22.54 MBq, 1.72–5.84 nmol/kg, 99.5–434 GBq/μmol). Blood was collected by cardiac heart puncture and then centrifuged for 5 min at 1,500g. Tumors were excised and homogenized with a Polytron homogenizer (Kinematica) in 2 mL of acetonitrile with 50 ng of PS13 to improve extraction of 11C-PS13 from the tissue, and then 1 mL of H2O was added. The homogenate was centrifuged at 13,500 g for 5 min. 11C-PS13 product, plasma, and tumor homogenates were separated by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography, as previously described, with a mobile phase of acetonitrile in 0.1N (aqueous) ammonium formate (65:35 v/v) and analyzed with PowerChrom, version 2.6.15 (eDAQ) (21).
Statistical Analysis
Data are represented as the mean ± SD. Statistical comparisons were performed by an unpaired t test, corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni–Dunn method (P < 0.05) with GraphPad Prism, version 8.3.1.
RESULTS
PET/MRI of OVCAR-3 Tumor–Bearing Mice
We evaluated 11C-PS13 in ICRscid mice bearing subcutaneous or intraperitoneal OVCAR-3 xenografts. Figure 1A shows representative static PET images in which tumors were visualized with 11C-PS13 (0- to 60-min average image). Figure 1B depicts representative PET images of tumor-bearing mice pretreated with ketoprofen, showing a reduced accumulation of tumor radioactivity, thus demonstrating the COX-1 specificity of 11C-PS13. Figure 2 shows representative static PET images in which intraperitoneal xenografts were visualized as early as 2 wk after inoculation with OVCAR-3 cells. Supplemental Figures 1 and 2 show PET imaging data in other intraperitoneal xenograft mice (n = 3).
PET imaging of 11C-PS13 in OVCAR-3 subcutaneous xenograft mice. (A and B) Representative PET images of 11C-PS13 under baseline (A) and blocked (B) conditions. (C) Associated MR images for A and B. Tumors are encircled.
PET imaging of 11C-PS13 in OVCAR-3 intraperitoneal xenograft mouse model. PET images (A and B) and PET/MR images (C and D) were obtained at weeks 2 and 5 after inoculation with cancer cells. Tumors are encircled.
Time–activity curves revealed a steady accumulation of tumor radioactivity that plateaued from 40 to 60 min, with an average uptake of 3.56 ± 0.81 %ID/g (n = 6) (Figs. 3A and 3B). Muscle tissue exhibited washout of radioactivity over time, and the average uptake between 40 and 60 min was significantly lower than for tumor tissue (0.99 ± 0.21 %ID/g; P = 0.00002), leading to a tumor-to-muscle ratio of 3.60 (Figs. 3A and 3B). The time–activity curves in Figure 3C show that the accumulation of radioactivity in tumors was significantly reduced (63.5%) by pretreatment with ketoprofen, to 1.30 ± 0.18 %ID/g (P = 0.0096). Pretreatment with ketoprofen did not affect muscle accumulation; therefore, off-target binding of 11C-PS13 was not apparent (Figs. 3E and 3F). PET imaging analyses were substantiated by ex vivo biodistribution studies (Supplemental Fig. 3; Supplemental Table 1). The average uptake from 40 to 60 min for intraperitoneal xenograft mice was 4.78 ± 0.88 %ID/g.
(A, C, and E) Time–activity curves of 11C-PS13 in tissues of OVCAR-3 subcutaneous xenograft mice over 60 min in tumor tissue and muscle tissue (A), tumor under baseline and blocked conditions (C), and muscle tissue under baseline and blocked conditions (E). (B, D, and F) Average uptake at 40–60 min in tumor and muscle tissue (B), tumor under baseline and blocked conditions (D), and muscle tissue under blocked and unblocked conditions (F). *Significant differences.
Radiometabolite Analysis
The ex vivo composition of 11C-PS13 in plasma and tumor tissue was determined at 40 min after injection (based on the plateau in the time–activity curves) in subcutaneous tumor–bearing mice by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of relative amounts of parent radioligand and radiometabolites. At 40 min after injection, intact 11C-PS13 represented 17.5% ± 1.6% of the total radioactivity in the plasma and 80.6% ± 0.7% in the tumor tissue (Supplemental Figs. 4 and 5). This analysis represents a single time-point in compartmental modeling of the tumor; future studies will examine complete compartmental modeling with various time points.
DISCUSSION
11C-PS13 is the most potent and selective COX-1 inhibitor reported to date and has recently been translated for human PET studies of neuroinflammation (16). Repurposing this PET radiopharmaceutical to OvCa imaging can greatly accelerate the timeline for translation of a COX-1 radiopharmaceutical for oncology (22). Herein, we report the successful PET/MR imaging of human OvCa xenografts with COX-1–targeted 11C-PS13, with a high accumulation of radioactivity in the tumor. Time–activity curves showed a desirable pharmacologic profile for 11C-PS13: radioactivity accumulated in the tumor while remaining low in muscle tissue and washed out over time (Fig. 3A).
Target-engagement experiments showed that COX-1 mediates 11C-PS13 accumulation in the tumor, with a 2.7-fold decrease observed in mice pretreated with ketoprofen (Fig. 3C). Our study demonstrated that tumor accumulation of 11C-PS13 was 3-fold greater than that reported for 18F-FDF in a subcutaneous OvCa xenograft mouse model (14). We also demonstrated the potential for 11C-PS13 to detect early-stage OvCa in clinically relevant intraperitoneal xenograft mouse models, in which tumors were successfully visualized at 2 wk after inoculation (Fig. 2). Because tumor growth inhibition has been demonstrated by COX-1 inhibitors in preclinical studies (23), the radiometabolite analysis showing sequestering of intact 11C-PS13 in tumor tissue suggests that this radiotracer could potentially be useful for confirming target engagement and dosing regimens for nonradioactive COX-1 therapeutics in oncology. Notably, 11C-PS13 has a lower affinity for rodent COX-1 than for human COX-1 (IC50, 15 and 1 nM, respectively). Despite this lower affinity, a difference in 11C-PS13 background between rodent and higher species is not expected because no specific binding of 11C-PS13 was observed in healthy ovarian tissue of rhesus monkeys (15), as is consistent with our preliminary human data (unpublished data, June 2020).
CONCLUSION
We report the successful repurposing of a COX-1 human neuroimaging agent, 11C-PS13, for visualizing human OvCa tumors in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal xenograft mouse models. Clinical translation of this radiopharmaceutical for early detection of OvCa is warranted.
DISCLOSURE
Amanda Boyle was supported by the CAMH Discovery Fund. Neil Vasdev was supported by the Azrieli Foundation, the Canada Research Chairs Program, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and the Ontario Research Fund. Sami Zoghbi, Victor Pike, and Robert Innis were supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIMH; projects ZIA-MH002793, ZIA-MH002795, and ZIAMH002852). No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
KEY POINTS
QUESTION: Can a COX-1–targeted neuro-PET imaging radiopharmaceutical be repurposed for the detection of OvCa?
PERTINENT FINDINGS: This study showed that 11C-PS13 could visualize OVCAR-3 OvCa tumors in subcutaneous and physiologically relevant intraperitoneal xenograft mouse models with excellent target specificity.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE: The radiopharmaceutical 11C-PS13 may be rapidly translated for human PET imaging of OvCa.
Footnotes
Published online Sep. 25, 2020.
- © 2021 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.
REFERENCES
- Received for publication May 11, 2020.
- Accepted for publication August 17, 2020.
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