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Research ArticleBasic Science Investigations

Beyond 18F-FDG: Characterization of PET/CT and PET/MR Scanners for a Comprehensive Set of Positron Emitters of Growing Application—18F, 11C, 89Zr, 124I, 68Ga, and 90Y

A. Therese Soderlund, Jasper Chaal, Gabriel Tjio, John J. Totman, Maurizio Conti and David W. Townsend
Journal of Nuclear Medicine August 2015, 56 (8) 1285-1291; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.156711
A. Therese Soderlund
1A*STAR-NUS Clinical Imaging Research Center, Singapore
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Jasper Chaal
1A*STAR-NUS Clinical Imaging Research Center, Singapore
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Gabriel Tjio
1A*STAR-NUS Clinical Imaging Research Center, Singapore
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John J. Totman
1A*STAR-NUS Clinical Imaging Research Center, Singapore
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Maurizio Conti
2Siemens Healthcare Molecular Imaging, Knoxville, Tennessee; and
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David W. Townsend
1A*STAR-NUS Clinical Imaging Research Center, Singapore
3Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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  • FIGURE 1.
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    FIGURE 1.

    PET images reconstructed for all isotopes. (A) Images obtained on mCT using 3D OP-OSEM (left), 3D OP-OSEM+PSF (center), and 3D OP-OSEM+PSF+TOF (right). (B) Images obtained on mMR using 3D OP-OSEM (left) and 3D OP-OSEM+PSF (right). All images have 2-mm pixel size and 2-mm postreconstruction gaussian filter applied.

  • FIGURE 2.
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    FIGURE 2.

    mCT contrast recovery for all isotopes. 90Y data were omitted from plot when sphere was not visible in image.

  • FIGURE 3.
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    FIGURE 3.

    mMR contrast recovery for all isotopes. 90Y data were omitted from plot when sphere was not visible in image.

  • FIGURE 4.
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    FIGURE 4.

    mCT residual bias in lung insert and background variability. For background variability, 90Y data have been normalized to 200-million-true-count scan.

  • FIGURE 5.
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    FIGURE 5.

    mMR residual bias in lung insert (top) and background variability (bottom). For background variability, 90Y data have been normalized to 200-million-true-count scan.

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    FIGURE 6.

    mCT (top) and mMR (bottom) FWHM measurements (2-mm pixel size) obtained with FBP and no postreconstruction filter. Error bars are 2 times SD of repeated measurements.

  • FIGURE 7.
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    FIGURE 7.

    mCT (top) and mMR (bottom) FWHM-to-FWTM ratios (2-mm pixel size) obtained with FBP and no postreconstruction filter.

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    TABLE 1

    Available Reconstruction Methods

    MethodmCT*mMR*
    FBPBackprojectionFiltered backprojection
    FBP+TOFBackprojection+TOF—
    3D OP-OSEMIterative (3 iterations, 24 subsets)3D iterative (3 iterations, 21 subsets)
    3D OP-OSEM+TOFIterative+TOF (2 iterations, 21 subsets)—
    3D OP-OSEM+PSFTrueX (3 iterations, 24 subsets)HD PET (3 iterations, 21 subsets)
    3D OP-OSEM+PSF+TOFTrueX+TOF (2 iterations, 21 subsets)—
    • ↵* Reconstruction label in user interface.

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    TABLE 2

    Properties of Positron-Emitting Isotopes Used in This Work (37–39)

    Property18F11C89Zr124I68Ga90Y
    Half-life109.8 min20.4 min78.4 h100.2 h67.6 min64.1 h
    β+, decay fraction (%)971002323880.0032*
    β+, mean energy (MeV)0.2500.3860.3960.8320.836<0.769†
    β+, mean range, water (mm)0.641.221.273.463.49—
    Prompt γ emission‡NoNoNoYes (0.603 MeV)NoNo§
    • ↵* β branching ratio for production of e+ e− pairs.

    • ↵† β maximum energy available for e+ e− pairs.

    • ↵‡ Prompt γ emission within PET energy window.

    • ↵§ High singles photon counting rate from Bremsstrahlung (not in coincidence).

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Journal of Nuclear Medicine: 56 (8)
Journal of Nuclear Medicine
Vol. 56, Issue 8
August 1, 2015
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Beyond 18F-FDG: Characterization of PET/CT and PET/MR Scanners for a Comprehensive Set of Positron Emitters of Growing Application—18F, 11C, 89Zr, 124I, 68Ga, and 90Y
A. Therese Soderlund, Jasper Chaal, Gabriel Tjio, John J. Totman, Maurizio Conti, David W. Townsend
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Aug 2015, 56 (8) 1285-1291; DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.156711

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Beyond 18F-FDG: Characterization of PET/CT and PET/MR Scanners for a Comprehensive Set of Positron Emitters of Growing Application—18F, 11C, 89Zr, 124I, 68Ga, and 90Y
A. Therese Soderlund, Jasper Chaal, Gabriel Tjio, John J. Totman, Maurizio Conti, David W. Townsend
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Aug 2015, 56 (8) 1285-1291; DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.156711
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