Principles of PET/MR Imaging

Jonathan A. Disselhorst; Ilja Bezrukov; Armin Kolb; Christoph Parl; Bernd J. Pichler

doi:10.2967/jnumed.113.129098

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FIGURE 1.
Effect of increasing magnetic field strength on crystal maps of PMT-based PET detector at 1 mT (A), 3 mT (B), and 5 mT (C). (Reprinted with permission of (79).)
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FIGURE 2.
PET/MR image of patient with enteric melanoma metastasis (arrow): MR-based attenuation map (A), T2-weighted short-τ inversion recovery sequence (B), ¹⁸F-FDG PET image (C), and PET overlaid on short-τ inversion recovery image (D). Data were acquired on a Biograph mMR system.
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FIGURE 3.
PET images and profiles through lung lesion: uncorrected (A), gated (B), and motion-corrected (C). (Reprinted with permission of (64).)

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TABLE 1

Abbreviated^* Overview of PET/MR Systems Described in Literature

Company or university	Year (ref)	Usage^†	MR field strength (T)	Scintillator, detector^‡	Crystal rings	Blocks/ring	Crystal block (size [mm³])	Axial, transaxial FOV (cm)
University of California,	1997	P-R-Sim	0.2	LSO	1	48	16^§	1.0
Los Angeles, CA (US)	(6)			MC PMT + fibers			(2×2×10)	<3.8
University of California,	1997	P-R-Sim	0.2 and 9.4	LSO	1	72	24^§	0.2
Los Angeles, CA (US)	(7)			MC PMT + fibers			(2×2×5)	<5.4
Kings College,	2005	P-R-Sim	3	LSO	1	8	1×4×4	0.3
London (UK)	(80)			PS PMT + fibers			(2×3×5)	5.6
University of Cambridge,	2006	P-R-Sim	1	LSO	48	24	12×12	7.2
Cambridge (UK)	(28)		(split magnet)	PS PMT+ fibers			(1.52×1.52×10)	<14.7
West Virginia University,	2007	P-R-Sim	3	LSO	20	2	20×20	5.0
Morgantown, WV (US)	(81)			PS PMT + fibers			(2.5×2.5×15)	8.0
Kobe City College of	2009	P-R-Sim	0.15	MLS	3	32	2×2×2	0.5
Technology, Kobe (JP)	(25)			PS PMT + fibers			(2.5×3.5×3.5)	NA
Western Ontario,	2009	P-R-Seq	0.3	BGO	8	2	8×8	∼5.0
London, ON (CA)	(29)		(field-cycled)	PS PMT + fibers			(6.2×5.6×30)	NA
Kobe City College of	2010	P-R-Sim	0.3	LGSO	11	16	11×9×2	2.1
Technology, Kobe (JP)	(13)			PS PMT + fibers			(1.9×2.2×6/7)	8.0
Nagoya University,	2012	P-R-Sim	0.3	LGSO	13	16	11×13×2	2.1
Nagoya (JP)	(82)			PS PMT + fibers			(0.9×1.3×5/6)	5.6
Mediso Ltd.,	2013	P-Co-Seq	1	LYSO	81	12	39×81	9.4
Budapest (HU)	(12)			PS PMT			(1.12×1.12×13)	4.5-12.0
University of California,	2006	P-R-Sim	7	LSO	8	16	8×8	1.2
Davis, CA (US)	(15)			PS APD + fibers			(1.43×1.43×6)	3.5
University of Tübingen,	2007	P-R-Sim	7	LSO	12	10	12×12	1.9
Tübingen (DE)	(43)			APD			(1.6×1.6×4.5)	4.0
^‖Brookhaven National	2011	P-R-Sim	9.4	LSO	8	12	4×8	1.8
Laboratory, Upton, NY (US)	(26)			APD			(2.2×2.2×5)	3.8
University of Tübingen,	2013	P-R-Sim	7	LSO	45	16	15×15	7.2
Tübingen (DE)	(42)			APD			(1.5×1.5×10)	7.2
Sogang University,	2011	P-R-Sim	3	LYSO	4	16	4×4	1.3
Seoul (KR)	(83)			SiPM			(3×3×10)	<7.0
Seoul National University,	2012	P-R-Sim	3	LGSO	20	12	20×18	3.2
Seoul (KR)	(84)			SiPM			(1.5×1.5×7)	13.6
RWTH Aachen,	2012	P-R-Sim	3	LYSO	22	10	22×22	3.0
Aachen (DE)	(19)			Digital SiPM			(1.3×1.3×10)	16.0
Eulji University,	2012	P-R-Sim	3	LYSO	6	12	6×6	NA
Gyeonggi (KR)	(85)			SiPM + fibers			(2.47×2.74×20)
Kobe City College of	2012	P-R-Sim	0.15	LGSO	11	16	11×9×2	13.2
Technology, Kobe (JP)	(86)			SiPM phoswich			(1.1×1.2×5/6)	8.0
Sogang University,	2013	P-R-Sim	3	LYSO	4	72	4×4	12.9
Seoul (KR)	(87)			SiPM			(3×3×20)	25.0
Koninklijke Philips NV,	2011	C-Co-Seq	3	PMT	44	28	23×44	18.0
Eindhoven (NL)	(10)						(4×4×22)	60.0
Siemens AG,	2008	C-R-Sim	3 and 9.4	APD	72	32	12×12	19.3
München (DE)	(8,27)						(2.5×2.5×20)	32.0
Siemens AG,	2012	C-Co-Sim	3	APD	64	56	8×8	25.8
München (DE)	(9)						(4×4×20)	59.4
^¶GE Healthcare,	2014	C-Co-Sim	3	SiPM	45	112	4×9	25.0
Waukesha, WI (US)	(11)						(3.95×5.3×25)	60.0

↵* Full version of this table can be found as supplemental file at http://jnm.snmjournals.org.
↵† Code specifying field (P = preclinical; C = clinical), status (R = research; Co = commercial), and operation (Sim = simultaneous; Seq = sequential).
↵‡ APD = avalanche photodiode; BGO = bismuth germanate; LGSO = lutetium gadolinium oxyorthosilicate; LSO = lutetium oxyorthosilicate; LYSO = lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate; MLS = mixed lutetium silicates; MC = multichannel; PMT = photomultiplier tube; PS = position-sensitive; SiPM = silicon photomultiplier.
↵§ Describes number of crystals per MC-PMT.
↵‖ A variant of this scanner has recently been introduced commercially by MR Solutions Ltd.
↵¶ This scanner has been presented at Radiological Society of North America and Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging conferences but is not yet commercially available.