Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Pregnant bonnet macaque in transverse position within HR+ PET scanner. For dynamic PET studies, pregnant monkey was positioned so that maternal and fetal organs were within same field of view.
- FIGURE 2.
(Left) T2-weighted MR image of third-trimester pregnant M. radiata. Spatial resolution of original MR image is 0.78 × 0.625 × 2 mm. (Middle) 11C-Cocaine PET image with all time frames summed, color coded using Amira 3.1. (Right) T2-to-summed PET warped T2 image. Spatial resolution of warped MR image is 2.57 × 2.57 × 2.42 mm. Placenta, maternal bladder, and fetal organs of interest are indicated. Maternal bladder (dark structure) appears larger on summed PET image because of filling of bladder during the approximately 2-h PET procedure.
- FIGURE 3.
(A) Proton density-weighted (left) and corresponding T2-weighted (right) MR images from third-trimester pregnant M. radiata. fb = fetal brain; fh = fetal heart; fl = fetal liver; MK = maternal kidney; ML = maternal liver; P = placenta. (B) Proton density-weighted MR image from third-trimester pregnant M. radiata illustrating superior visualization of fetal vessels. Fetal liver has been outlined as anatomic landmark. DV = ductus venosus; FB = fetal brain; FH = fetal heart; GB = gallbladder; UC = umbilical cord; VCI = vena cava inferior. Diameter of DV is approximately 1–2 mm.
- FIGURE 4.
T2-weighted MR images of fetus BY13. Overall contrast-to-noise ratio is limited, but gray matter and white matter areas can be appreciated, as well as gross neuroanatomic structures such as corpus callosum (cc), cortex, midbrain, and cerebellum (cb).
- FIGURE 5.
Time series of 11C-cocaine PET scans from third-trimester pregnant M. radiata. Each PET frame is coregistered to corresponding MR image. Early PET frames (25 s, 75 s, and 2.5 min) clearly show early 11C uptake in placental vessels, maternal heart, lungs, and kidneys. Later time frames demonstrate uptake in fetal liver.
- FIGURE 6.
(A) Average (n = 4) time-activity curves of 11C uptake in maternal organs, including uterine cavity, of third-trimester M. radiata. Peak uptake occurred 30 s after injection in heart and lungs and at 1–2 min in kidneys; half activity remained in kidneys at 15 min, in contrast to rapid (<3 min) clearance in maternal heart. (B) Average time-activity curves of 11C-cocaine in placenta, fetal heart, fetal liver, fetal striatum, and fetal cerebellum. Values represent averages for 4 third-trimester fetuses. Placenta and fetal liver have high peak uptake, which contrasts with slower uptake and clearance observed in other fetal organs. The letters m and f prefixed to name of organ indicate maternal and fetal, respectively.
Tables
Subject Maternal age (y) Maternal body weight (kg) Fetal position at time of experiment BY42 4.1 5.0 Head down BV37 7.4 9.0 Head down BY13 4.9 4.5 Head down BR42 5.5 5.2 Head up BA22 2.9 4.7 Head down AA18 2.3 3.8 Head down Subject Gestation (d) at time of experiment* Total fetal volume (cm3) Fetal heart Fetal lungs Fetal liver Fetal brain BY42 92/170, second 69.8 0.3 — 1.6 15.9 BR42 122/170, third 154.1 1.5 5.0 6.0 32.4 BY13 133/170, third 198 1.8 5.8 6 37.0 BA22 147/170, third 156.3 3.2 8.1 11.6 35.2 BV37 155/170, third 282.5 3.0 6.9 12.1 49.6 ↵* Gestational age at time of experiment was estimated by assuming 170 d of gestation and subtracting number of days from day of experiment to known time of delivery.
