1.1. Methodology and Evidence Review The recommendations listed in this document are,
whenever possible, evidence based. An extensive evidence review was conducted through …

The recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence based. An
extensive evidence review was conducted through October 2011 and includes selected other …

Background— Heart failure has an annual mortality rate ranging from 5% to 75%. The purpose
of the study was to develop and validate a multivariate risk model to predict 1-, 2-, and 3-…

Background Nesiritide is approved in the United States for early relief of dyspnea in patients
with acute heart failure. Previous meta-analyses have raised questions regarding renal …

Background— Contemporary ventricular assist device therapy results in a high rate of
successful heart transplantation but is associated with bleeding, infections, and other …

Background— Soluble ST2 reflects activity of an interleukin-33–dependent cardioprotective
signaling axis and is a diagnostic and prognostic marker in acute heart failure. The use of …

BACKGROUND Cardiac aging alters many of the acute responses to exercise stress, but
the extent to which chronic exercise (ie, training) can alter or improve the effects of aging in …

Heart rate variability (HRV) (SD of the RR interval), an index of parasympathetic tone, was
measured at rest and during exercise in 13 healthy older men (age 60 to 82 years) and 11 …

BACKGROUND The effects of 6 months of intensive endurance exercise training on resting
tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1…

Background— Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR), a well-recognized component of left
ventricular remodeling, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in heart failure …