This paper presents an index of patent rights for 110 countries for the period 1960–1990.
The index is used to examine what factors or characteristics of economies determine how …

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the influence of the strength of intellectual
property rights (IPRs) on technology transfer to developing nations. The core contribution is to …

This note provides an update to the index of patent protection published in this journal in
1997. The original paper presented the index for 1960–1990 for 110 countries. The index has …

This paper studies the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and economic
growth for a cross‐section of countries for the period 1960–1990. The analysis focuses on …

This paper quantifies the cross‐national spillover effects of government and private investment
in research and development (ROD), using a panel data set of ten OECD countries. The …

Colonoscopy is widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of colon disorders. Properly
performed, colonoscopy is generally safe, accurate, and well-tolerated. Visualization of the …

This paper examines how the role of patents and utility models in innovation and economic
growth varies by level of economic development. Using a panel dataset of over 70 countries, …

92 vital signs during sedation, then the performance target was listed as> 98%. It is important
to emphasize that the performance targets listed do not necessarily reflect the standard of …

To elucidate the mechanism of self‐protection against anti‐donor blood‐group antibody
known as accommodation, we studied 16 human ABO‐incompatible living‐donor kidney …

Millions of people worldwide suffer from nutritional imbalances of essential metals like zinc.
These same metals, along with pollutants like cadmium and lead, contaminate soils at many …