Exchange factors for ARF GTPases (ARF-GEFs) regulate vesicle trafficking in a variety of
organisms. The Arabidopsis protein GNOM is a brefeldin A (BFA) sensitive ARF-GEF that is …

The evolution of land flora transformed the terrestrial environment. Land plants evolved from
an ancestral charophycean alga from which they inherited developmental, biochemical, and …

In all eucaryotic cells, specific vesicle fusion during vesicular transport is mediated by
membraneassociated proteins called SNAREs (soluble N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor …

Ara6 of Arabidopsis thaliana is a novel member of the Rab/Ypt GTPase family with unique
structural features. It resembles Rab5 GTPases best, but lacks a large part of the C‐terminal …

Endocytosis plays an important role in plant physiology, but how endocytic organelles are
organized remains unknown. We present the evidence that endosomes are functionally …

Endosomal trafficking plays an integral role in various eukaryotic cell activities and serves
as a basis for higher-order functions in multicellular organisms. An understanding of the …

Dynamically polarized membrane proteins define different cell boundaries and have an
important role in intercellular communication—a vital feature of multicellular development. Efflux …

The SNARE complex is a key regulator of vesicular traffic, executing membrane fusion
between transport vesicles or organelles and target membranes. A functional SNARE complex …

BACKGROUND: To alleviate the invasiveness of surgical treatment for thoracic aortic aneurysm
or dissection involving the distal arch, we developed a new method of implanting a graft …

While highly conserved in structure and in fundamental regulatory aspects for their activities,
the RAS superfamily of monomeric GTP-binding proteins, or small GTPases, comprise a …