The free-electron laser, first proposed by Madey 1 in 1971, has significantly reduced laser
wavelengths to the vacuum ultraviolet 2 , 3 and soft X-ray regions 4 . Recently, an X-ray free-…

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins have been shown to mediate
biological actions in response to cytokines. Stat3, a member of the STAT family, is activated …

One-pot reactions of aldoses with L-cysteine methyl ester and o-tolyl isothiocyanate yielded
methyl 2-(polyhydroxyalkyl)-3-(o-tolylthiocarbamoyl)-thiazolidine-4 (R)-carboxylates. Direct …

INTERLEUKIN-4(IL-4) is a pleiotropic lymphokine which plays an important role in the
immune system 1 . IL-4 activates two distinct signalling pathways through tyrosine …

To investigate the role of NF-IL6 in vivo, we have generated NF-IL6 (-/-) mice by gene
targeting. NF-IL6 (-/-) mice were highly susceptible to infection by Listeria monocytogenes. …

To investigate the role of C/EBP family members during adipocyte differentiation in vivo, we
have generated mice lacking the C/EBPβ and/or C/EBPδ by gene targeting. Approximately …

An engagement of CD40 with CD40 ligand (CD40L) expressed on activated T cells is known
to provide an essential costimulatory signal to B cells in vitro. To investigate the role of …

IL-18 is a product of macrophages and with IL-12 strikingly induces IFN-γ production from T,
B, and NK cells. Furthermore, IL-18 and IL-12 synergize for IFN-γ production from Th1 cells, …

Single-pass free-electron lasers based on self-amplified spontaneous emission 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
are enabling the generation of laser light at ever shorter wavelengths, including extreme …

Prostanoids are a group of bioactive lipids working as local mediators 1 and include D, E, F
and I types of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes. Prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) acts on platelets …