TGF-β signals from the membrane to the nucleus through serine/threonine kinase receptors
and their downstream effectors, termed SMAD proteins 1 . The activated TGF-β receptor …

Smad proteins play a key role in the intracellular signalling of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ),
which elicits a large variety of cellular responses. Upon TGFβ receptor activation, …

The generation of mice lacking specific components of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)
signal tranduction pathway shows that TGF‐β is a key player in the development and …

Smads are pivotal intracellular nuclear effectors of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)
family members. Ligand‐induced activation of TGF‐β family receptors with intrinsic serine/…

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) regulates the activation state of the endothelium via
two opposing type I receptor/Smad pathways. Activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ALK1) induces …

Smad proteins have been identified as mediators of intracellular signal transduction by
members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, which affect cell proliferation, …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) family members which include TGF‐βs, activins, and
bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate a broad spectrum of biological responses on …

Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family are highly conserved multifunctional
cell–cell signaling proteins that are of key importance for controlling embryogenesis and …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) signal via
distinct type I and type II receptors and Smad proteins. A nine amino acid sequence between …

Hedgehog (HH) and Decapentaplegic (DPP) direct anteroposterior patterning in the
developing Drosophila wing by functioning as short- and long-range morphogens, respectively. …