Background There is an urgent need for more effective therapies for glioblastoma. Data
from a previous unrandomised phase 2 trial suggested that lomustine-temozolomide plus …

Destruction of existing tumor blood vessels may be achieved by targeting vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) signaling, which mediates not only endothelial cell proliferation but …

Objective: Delayed cerebral vasospasm has long been recognized as an important cause of
poor outcome after an otherwise successful treatment of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, …

The angiopoietins Ang-1 and Ang-2 have been identified as ligands of the receptor tyrosine
kinase Tie-2 (refs. 1 , 2 ). Paracrine Ang-1–mediated activation of Tie-2 acts as a regulator of …

Vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF) and their cognate receptor tyrosine kinases are strongly implicated in …

Discoveries leading to an improved understanding of immune surveillance of the central
nervous system (CNS) have repeatedly provoked dismissal of the existence of immune …

Direct in vivo evidence is still lacking for α4-integrin–mediated T cell interaction with VCAM-1
on blood-brain barrier–endothelium in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). …

Tumors have been thought to initiate as avascular aggregates of malignant cells that only
later induce vascularization. Recently, this classic concept of tumor angiogenesis has been …

Background Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, significantly and dose-dependently
reduced angiographic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH…

The term cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) describes a wave of mass neuronal
depolarization associated with net influx of cations and water. Clusters of prolonged CSDs were …