Background The identification of somatic mutations in the gene encoding the serine–threonine
protein kinase B-RAF (BRAF) in the majority of melanomas offers an opportunity to test …

Purpose Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the United
States. Antiangiogenic therapy with bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy improves …

Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments can restrain antitumor immunity, particularly
in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Because CD40 activation can reverse immune …

… Am J Surg Pathol 26:281-291, 2002 23. Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, et al: A
randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for …

Exposure of human ovarian tumor cell lines to cisplatin led to development of cell lines that
exhibited increasing degrees of drug resistance, which were closely correlated with increase …

The poor clinical outcome in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is attributed to
intrinsic chemoresistance and a growth-permissive tumor microenvironment. Conversion of …

Purpose Given the molecular pathophysiology of thyroid cancer and the spectrum of kinases
inhibited by sorafenib, including Raf kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, …

Purpose BRAF V600E mutation is seen in 5% to 8% of patients with metastatic colorectal
cancer (CRC) and is associated with poor prognosis. Vemurafenib, an oral BRAF V600 inhibitor…

Background MEK is a member of the MAPK signalling cascade that is commonly activated
in melanoma. Direct inhibition of MEK blocks cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. We …

Purpose The cell-surface molecule CD40 activates antigen-presenting cells and enhances
immune responses. CD40 is also expressed by solid tumors, but its engagement results in …