Purpose: To elucidate the mechanism by which trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal
antibody against HER2 with proven survival benefit in women with HER2-positive metastatic …

Overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) oncogene in human breast
carcinomas has been associated with a more aggressive course of disease. The reason for …

Exosomes are endosome‐derived nanovesicles actively released into the extracellular
environment and biological fluids, both under physiological and pathological conditions, by …

The link between cancer metabolism and immunosuppression, inflammation and immune
escape has generated major interest in investigating the effects of low pH on tumor immunity. …

The HER2 proto‐oncogene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein of 185 kDa (p185 HER2
) with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. Amplification of the HER2 gene and overexpression …

An increasing amount of experimental evidence shows that microRNAs can have a causal
role in breast cancer tumorigenesis as a novel class of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes…

Recently, a view of the tumor as a functional tissue interconnected with the microenvironment
has recently been described. For many years, the stroma has been studied in the context …

Neoplastic growth is usually dependent on blood supply, and it is commonly accepted that
this is provided by the formation of new vessels. However, tumors may be able to grow …

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), characterized by absence of estrogen receptor (ER),
progesterone receptor (PR) and lack of overexpression of human epidermal growth factor …

The candidate tumor suppressor gene, FHIT, encompasses the common human chromosomal
fragile site at 3p14.2, the hereditary renal cancer translocation breakpoint, and cancer cell …