The ability of vitamin A (retinol) to control growth and development depends upon tissue-specific
metabolism of retinol to retinoic acid (RA). RA then functions as a ligand for retinoid …

Genetic studies have shown that retinoic acid (RA) signaling is required for mouse retina
development, controlled in part by an RA-generating aldehyde dehydrogenase encoded by …

Studies on nonmammalian vertebrate embryos have indicated that retinoic acid (RA) is required
for pancreas development. We have analyzed mouse embryos carrying a null mutation …

Two isomers of retinoic acid (RA) may be necessary as ligands for retinoid signaling: all-trans-RA
for RA receptors (RARs) and 9-cis-RA for retinoid X receptors (RXRs). This was …

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in humans. This heterogeneous set of lesions
including urothelial carcinoma (Uca) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arise from the …

Retinoic acid (RA) is required for patterning of the posterior nervous system, but its role in the
retina remains unclear. RA is synthesized in discrete regions of the embryonic eye by three …

In humans and mice, mutations in the Ret gene result in Hirschsprung's disease and renal
defects. In the embryonic kidney, binding of Ret to its ligand, Gdnf, induces a program of …

Activation of the FGF signaling pathway during preimplantation development of the mouse
embryo is known to be essential for differentiation of the inner cell mass and the formation of …

Retinoic acid (RA) is thought to be a key signaling molecule involved in limb bud patterning
along the proximodistal or anteroposterior axes functioning through induction of Meis2 and …

Neither the mechanisms that govern lip morphogenesis nor the cause of cleft lip are well
understood. We report that genetic inactivation of Lrp6, a co-receptor of the Wnt/β-catenin …