Total thyroidectomy is universally advised for the familial variety of MCT. Although total thyroidectomy is also recommended for sporadic cases, partial thyroidectomy may be adequate. Cervical and upper mediastinal nodes should be sampled for microscopic study, even when they are small and appear to be normal. Appropriate neck or mediastinal nodes should be sampled for microscopic study, even when they are small and appear to be normal. Appropriate neck or mediastinal dissection is done if metastasis is present. External radiation is a valuable adjuvant to surgical excision following the apparent complete resection of the tumor, and is beneficial in the management of unresectable disease. Despite local control, patients continue to die from disseminated disease; therefore, there must be a continued search for an effective chemotherapeutic program. Much remains to be learned from calcitonin monitoring of MCT patients.