Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibition has been improving the outcomes of patients with many different types of malignancies. Immune checkpoint inhibition has been most extensively studied in patients with advanced melanoma and there are three FDA approved antibodies already widely used in clinical practice (ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab). In this chapter, we review the mechanistic basis behind the development of immune checkpoint blocking antibodies. We then discuss specifics regarding each agent, unique clinical considerations in treating patients with this approach, and future directions, including combination strategies. This chapter is focused on melanoma, but the principles related to this immunotherapy approach are applicable to patients with many types of malignancies.
Keywords: Immune checkpoint; Immune-related adverse events; Immune-related response criteria; Immunotherapy; Melanoma.