Short-term oscillation of heart rate and blood pressure are mainly regulated by the automatic nervous system. It has been proposed that non-neural factors, such as changes in intrathoracic pressure, can strongly modulate this rhythmicity. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of changing intrathoracic pressure and central autonomic nervous activity on heart rate and blood pressure variability. Evaluation was performed by using spectral analysis techniques with autoregressive modelling. The variability in heart rate and blood pressure remained in animals with open chest or paralysed respiratory muscles. After vagotomy, the variability in heart rate decreased, but not that of blood pressure. Total spinal anaesthesia elicited a decrease in the variability in blood pressure. The pharmacological blockade of alpha- and beta-receptors further decreased both variabilities. It was concluded that in anaesthetized dogs heart rate and blood pressure variability are mainly of central origin and non-neural factors have only minor effect on these central rhythms. High (> 0.15 Hz), medium (0.07-0.15 Hz) and, obviously low (0.00-0.07 Hz) frequency variations in heart rate are mostly mediated vagally. In blood pressure, medium and obviously low frequency variations are modulated by sympathetic nervous system, whereas high frequency variations are secondary to the heart rate variation.