In summary, we have confirmed that a specific humoral immune reactivity involves human atherosclerotic plaque. By isolating some of the autoantigens and employing them in prototype immunoassays, we have been able to measure for the presence of plaque-specific antibodies. Extracted plaque antigens have also served as immunogens in monoclonal antibody generation. These have shown early promise as plaque-directed in vivo targeting agents. Further scientific evaluation and reagent development remains before the practical utility of employing such reagents or methods in the care of patients with atherosclerosis-related diseases can be ascertained.