Respiratory Motion in Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography: A Review
Section snippets
Respiratory-Motion Tracking Systems
Although respiratory gating is not yet standard in the context of PET imaging, several related techniques are already in use. The studies performed to date have investigated a large number of different respiration monitoring systems to account for breathing during gated radiotherapy, 4-dimensional (4D)-CT, 4D cone beam CT, or gated PET. Such motion tracking systems are described herein.
Respiratory Motion Artifacts in CT
Respiration can introduce severe artifacts in CT images caused by internal organ motion.32, 35, 36, 37 The main cause of these artifacts is the dynamic interaction between transaxial image acquisition and the asynchronous motion of tumor and normal tissues.1 Commonly observed artifacts include distortion of the dome of the liver at the lung-diaphragm interface, splitting of a tumor into 2 distinct parts, shuffling of the transaxial slices out of order, and creation of discontinuities in the
Respiratory Motion Correction
The misalignment between PET and CT can, of course, reduce the diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT for lesion detection for the same reasons as discussed above Methods to correct for respiratory motion in the 3 modalities, CT, PET, and PET/CT, are discussed in the subheadings to follow.
Conclusion
In this work, 7 approaches to correct for respiratory motion in PET images have been reviewed. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, and the optimum clinical approach remains to be determined. The main concern with 4D-CT is the increased radiation dose. 4D-CT provides information about the extent of tumor motion, information critical for radiotherapy planning. However, when used for diagnostic purpose, only one high-quality, motion-free image set would be required. Although any of the
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