A new 68Ge/68Ga radioisotope generator system for production of 68Ga in dilute HCl

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Abstract

The synthesis of an ion-exchanger resin produced from pyrogallol and formaldehyde and characterized by a highly efficient adsorption for 68Ge is described. A 68Ge/68Ga radioisotope generator prepared from this resin and operated with 10 ml of 4.5n HCl as eluant constantly showed a high yield of 68Ga during a time period of more than 200 days with a contamination of less than 1 ppm 68Ge. A small column, filled with commercially available anion-exchanger resin and coupled in series with the generator, reduces the volume and HCl concentration of the generator eluate in such a way that 80% of the available 68Ga appears in 4 ml 0.5 N HCl. The eluate is free of radiolytic products and suitable for human use.

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    Depending on the type of matrix on which they are based, these generators can be classified as either organic or inorganic. Organic-type generators include those based on pyrogallol-formaldehyde (Schuhmacher and Maier-Borst, 1981; Neirinckx et al., 1982), organic macroporous styrene–divinylbenzene co-polymer containing N-methylglucamine groups (Nakayama et al., 2003) and system based on silica derivate (Zhernosekov et al., 2010) commercially available by Isotope Technologies Garching GmbH (Germany ITG). Inorganic-type generators include those based on Al2O3 (Greene and Tucker, 1961; Egamediev et al., 2000), Al(OH)3 or Fe(OH)3 (Kopecky et al., 1973; Kopecky and Mudrová, 1974), SnO2 (Girardi et al., 1970; Loc´h et al., 1980; McElvany et al., 1984; Tang et al., 1997; Cheng et al., 2000; Aardaneh and van der Walt, 2006; De Blois et al., 2011; Fazaeli et al., 2012), ZrO2 (Malyshev and Smirnov, 1975), TiO2 (Neirinckx and Davis, 1979; Razbash, 2003; Meyer et al., 2004; Velikyan et al., 2004; Asti et al., 2008; Ocak et al., 2010; Petrik et al., 2011), Fe2O3 (Ambe, 1987; Cao et al., 1998) and CeO2 (Bao and Song, 1996; Song and Bao, 1995).

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    Depending on the type of matrix on which they are based, these generators can be classified as either organic or inorganic. Examples of organic-type generators include those based on pyrogallol–formaldehyde (Schuhmacher and Maier-Borst, 1981; Neirinckx et al., 1982), on organic macroporous styrene–divinylbenzene co-polymer containing N-methylglucamine groups (Nakayama et al., 2003) and those silica derivate (Zhernosekov et al., 2010) (marketed by ITG Isotope Technologies Garching GmbH, Germany). Inorganic-type generators include those based on Al2O3 (Egamediev et al., 2000), Al(OH)3 y Fe(OH)3 (Kopecky et al., 1973; Kopecky and Mudrová, 1974), SnO2 (Loc´h et al., 1980; Tang et al., 1997) (iThemba LABS, South Africa, commercially available from I.D.B. Holland), ZrO2 (Malyshev and Smirnov, 1975), TiO2 (Razbash, 2003; Neirinckx and Davis, 1979) (commercially available from Cyclotron Co Ltd., Russia and Eckert & Ziegler, USA), Fe2O3 (Ambe, 1987; Cao et al., 1998), CeO2 (Bao and Song, 1996; Song and Bao, 1995) with more recent ones being based on nano-ZrO2 and nano-CeO2 derivate (Chakravarty et al., 2010, 2011).

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This work is dedicated to Professor K.E. Scheer, director of the Institute of Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, on the occasion of his 60th birthday.

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