Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Transport of L-proline, L-proline-containing peptides and related drugs at mammalian epithelial cell membranes

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Amino Acids Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary.

Membrane transport of L-proline has received considerable attention in basic and pharmaceutical research recently. Of the most recently cloned members of the solute carrier family, two are “proline transporters”. The amino acid transporter PAT1, expressed in intestine, kidney, brain and other organs, mediates the uptake of proline and derivatives in a pH gradient-dependent manner. The Na+-dependent proline transporter SIT1, cloned in 2005, exhibits the properties of the long-sought classical IMINO system. Proline-containing peptides are of interest for several reasons. Many biologically important peptide sequences contain highly conserved proline residues. Xaa-Pro peptides are very often resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis and display, in contrast to Pro-Xaa peptides, a high affinity to the H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1 which is expressed in intestinal, renal, lung and biliary duct epithelial cells. Furthermore, several orally available drugs are recognized by PEPT1 as Xaa-Pro analogues due to their sterical resemblance to small peptides.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • JM Addison D Burston JA Dalrymple DM Matthews JW Payne MH Sleisenger S Wilkinson (1975) ArticleTitleA common mechanism for transport of di- and tri-peptides by hamster jejunum in vitro Clin Sci Mol Med 49 313–322 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE28XislGr Occurrence Handle1192691

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SA Adibi (1997a) ArticleTitleRenal assimilation of oligopeptides: physiological mechanisms and metabolic importance Am J Physiol 272 E723–E736 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjsFCis7w%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SA Adibi (1997b) ArticleTitleThe oligopeptide transporter (Pept-1) in human intestine: biology and function Gastroenterology 113 332–340 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70112-4 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXks1Ojt7Y%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SA Adibi MR Soleimanpour (1974) ArticleTitleFunctional characterization of dipeptide transport system in human jejunum J Clin Invest 53 1368–1374 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXkt1enur0%3D Occurrence Handle4825229 Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI107685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CM Anderson DS Grenade M Boll M Foltz KA Wake DJ Kennedy LK Munck S Miyauchi PM Tayler FC Campell BG Munck H Daniel V Ganapathy DT Thwaites (2004) ArticleTitleH+/amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1) is the imino acid carrier: an intestinal nutrient/drug transporter in human and rat Gastroenterology 127 1410–1422 Occurrence Handle10.1053/j.gastro.2004.08.017 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVKisrzF Occurrence Handle15521011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CM Anderson DT Thwaites (2005) ArticleTitleIndirect regulation of the intestinal H+-coupled amino acid transporter hPAT1 (SLC36A1) J Cell Physiol 204 604–613 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jcp.20337 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlvFCrsbg%3D Occurrence Handle15754324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PF Bai P Subramanian HI Mosberg GL Amidon (1991) ArticleTitleStructural requirements for the intestinal mucosal-cell peptide transporter: the need for N-terminal α-amino group Pharmacol Res 8 593–599 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlsV2ksb4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1015848522228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PD Bailey CA Boyd ID Collier GL Kellett D Meredith KM Morgan R Pettecrew RA Price (2005) ArticleTitleProbing dipeptide trans/cis stereochemistry using pH control of thiopeptide analogues, and application to the PepT1 transporter Org Biomol Chem 3 4038–4039 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFKrsbbO Occurrence Handle16267577 Occurrence Handle10.1039/b513274f

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • V Berger N De Bremaeker Y Larondelle A Trouet Y-J Schneider (2000) ArticleTitleTransport mechanisms of the imino acid L-proline in the human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line J Nutr 130 2772–2779 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvVOlt7k%3D Occurrence Handle11053520

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RK Bhardwaj D Herrera-Ruiz N Eltoukhy M Saad GT Knipp (2006) ArticleTitleThe functional evaluation of human peptide/histidine transporter 1 (hPHT1) in transiently transfected COS-7 cells Eur J Pharm Sci 27 533–542 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xit1Cht7s%3D Occurrence Handle16289537 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.ejps.2005.09.014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A Biegel S Gebauer B Hartrodt M Brandsch K Neubert I Thondorf (2005) ArticleTitleThree-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of ß-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1 J Med Chem 48 4410–4419 Occurrence Handle10.1021/jm048982w Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksVertL4%3D Occurrence Handle15974593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biegel A, Knütter I, Hartrodt B, Gebauer S, Theis S, Luckner P, Kottra G, Rastetter M, Zebisch K, Thondorf I, Daniel H, Neubert K, Brandsch M, (2006) The renal type H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: structure-affinity relationships. Amino Acids (in press)

  • C Böhmer A Bröer M Munzinger S Kowalczuk JE Rasko F Lang S Bröer (2005) ArticleTitleCharacterization of mouse amino acid transporter B0AT1 (SLC6A19) Biochem J 389 745–751 Occurrence Handle15804236 Occurrence Handle10.1042/BJ20050083

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Boll H Daniel B Gasnier (2004) ArticleTitleThe SLC36 family: proton-coupled transporters for the absorption of selected amino acids from extracellular and intracellular proteolysis Pflugers Arch 447 776–779 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00424-003-1073-4 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVygsLo%3D Occurrence Handle12748860

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Boll M Foltz CM Anderson C Oechsler G Kottra DT Thwaites H Daniel (2003a) ArticleTitleSubstrate recognition by the mammalian proton-dependent amino acid transporter PAT1 Mol Membr Biol 20 261–269 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmtVelurc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1080/09687680307081

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Boll M Foltz I Rubio-Aliaga H Daniel (2003b) ArticleTitleA cluster of proton/amino acid transporter genes in the human and mouse genomes Genomics 82 47–56 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00099-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktlOht7k%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Boll M Foltz I Rubio-Aliaga G Kottra H Daniel (2002) ArticleTitleFunctional characterization of two novel mammalian electrogenic proton-dependent amino acid cotransporters J Biol Chem 277 22966–22973 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M200374200 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XltVGrs7w%3D Occurrence Handle11959859

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Boll M Herget M Wagener WM Weber D Markovich J Biber W Clauss H Murer H Daniel (1996) ArticleTitleExpression cloning and functional characterization of the kidney cortex high-affinity proton-coupled peptide transporter Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 284–289 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.93.1.284 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjslygtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8552623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandsch M, Brandsch C (2003) Intestinal transport of amino acids, peptides and proteins. In: Souffrant WB, Metges CC (eds) Progress in research on energy and protein metabolism. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp 667–680

  • M Brandsch C Brandsch ME Ganapathy CS Chew V Ganapathy FH Leibach (1997) ArticleTitleInfluence of proton and essential histidyl residues on the transport kinetics of the H+/peptide cotransport systems in intestine (PEPT 1) and kidney (PEPT 2) Biochim Biophys Acta 1324 251–262 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhtlyjsrs%3D Occurrence Handle9092712 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0005-2736(96)00231-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Brandsch C Brandsch PD Prasad V Ganapathy U Hopfer FH Leibach (1995a) ArticleTitleIdentification of a renal cell line that constitutively expresses the kidney-specific high-affinity H+/peptide cotransporter FASEB J 9 1489–1496 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpsFOgurc%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Brandsch V Ganapathy FH Leibach (1995b) ArticleTitleH+-peptide cotransport in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells: expression and calmodulin-dependent regulation Am J Physiol 268 F391–F397 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkslKrtbo%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandsch M, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH (1995c) Role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) in intestinal and renal absorption of peptides. In: Fleischer B (ed) Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) in metabolism and the immune response. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 111–129

  • M Brandsch I Knütter FH Leibach (2004) ArticleTitleThe intestinal H+/peptide symporter PEPT1: structure-affinity relationships Eur J Pharm Sci 21 53–60 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovFWh Occurrence Handle14706811 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0928-0987(03)00142-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Brandsch I Knütter F Thunecke B Hartrodt I Born V Börner F Hirche G Fischer K Neubert (1999) ArticleTitleDecisive structural determinants for the interaction of proline derivatives with the intestinal H+/peptide symporter Eur J Biochem 266 502–508 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00885.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnslKlurk%3D Occurrence Handle10561591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Brandsch F Thunecke G Küllertz M Schutkowski G Fischer K Neubert (1998) ArticleTitleEvidence for the absolute conformational specificity of the intestinal H+/peptide symporter, PEPT1 J Biol Chem 273 3861–3864 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.273.7.3861 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXht1aiurs%3D Occurrence Handle9461567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B Bretschneider M Brandsch R Neubert (1999) ArticleTitleIntestinal transport of β-lactam antibiotics: analysis of the affinity at the H+/peptide symporter (PEPT1), the uptake into Caco-2 cell monolayers and the transepithelial flux Pharmacol Res 16 55–61 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtlGmsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1018814627484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Bröer JA Cavanaugh JE Rasko S Bröer (2006a) ArticleTitleThe molecular basis of neutral aminoacidurias Pflugers Arch 451 511–517 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00424-005-1481-8 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlSntrbJ

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Bröer N Tietze S Kowalczuk S Chubb M Munzinger LK Bak S Bröer (2006b) ArticleTitleThe orphan transporter v7-3 (SLC6A15) is a Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (B0AT2) Biochem J 393 421–430 Occurrence Handle10.1042/BJ20051273 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XivVKrsw%3D%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HD Bronstein LJ Haeffner OD Kowlessar (1966) ArticleTitleThe significance of gelatin tolerance in malabsorptive states Gastroenterology 50 621–630 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF28XhtVOktbk%3D Occurrence Handle5935221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NH Chen ME Reith MW Quick (2004) ArticleTitleSynaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6 Pflugers Arch 447 519–531 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00424-003-1064-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVygs7o%3D Occurrence Handle12719981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Z Chen Y-J Fei CMH Anderson KA Wake S Miyauchi W Huang DT Thwaites V Ganapathy (2003) ArticleTitleStructure, function and immunolocalization of a proton-coupled amino acid transporter (hPAT1) in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 J Physiol 546 349–361 Occurrence Handle10.1113/jphysiol.2002.026500 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitVWrurg%3D Occurrence Handle12527723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HN Christensen (1984) ArticleTitleOrganic ion transport during seven decades. The amino acids Biochim Biophys Acta 779 255–269 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXlsVKhs74%3D Occurrence Handle6383473

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HN Christensen (1989) ArticleTitleDistinguishing amino acid transport systems of a given cell or tissue Methods Enzymol 173 576–616 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXktVaqsrg%3D Occurrence Handle2674620 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0076-6879(89)73040-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • F Ciardiello B Sanfilippo K Yanagihara N Kim G Tortora RH Bassin WR Kidwell DS Salomon (1988) ArticleTitleDifferential growth sensitivity to 4-cis-hydroxy-L-proline of transformed rodent cell lines Cancer Res 48 2483–2491 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhvFOqu7w%3D Occurrence Handle2833347

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Daniel (2004) ArticleTitleMolecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport Annu Rev Physiol 66 361–384 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjt1emtrk%3D Occurrence Handle14977407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Daniel SA Adibi (1993) ArticleTitleTransport of ß-lactam antibiotics in kidney brush border membrane. Determinants of their affinity for the oligopeptide/H+ symporter J Clin Invest 92 2215–2223 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXht1Cis7c%3D Occurrence Handle8227336 Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI116824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Daniel C Fett A Kratz (1989) ArticleTitleDemonstration and modification of intervillous pH profiles in rat small intestine in vitro Am J Physiol 257 G489–G495 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2Fitlylug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle2552822

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Daniel G Kottra (2004) ArticleTitleThe proton oligopeptide cotransporter family SLC15 in physiology and pharmacology Pflugers Arch 447 610–618 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVygtrs%3D Occurrence Handle12905028 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00424-003-1101-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Daniel EL Morse SA Adibi (1992) ArticleTitleDeterminants of substrate affinity for the oligopeptide/H+ symporter in the renal brush border membrane J Biol Chem 267 9565–9573 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XkvVGgtLo%3D Occurrence Handle1577796

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Daniel I Rubio-Aliaga (2003) ArticleTitleAn update on renal peptide transporters Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 284 F885–F892 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjvFGqsrc%3D Occurrence Handle12676733

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Davies DD Maenz CI Cheeseman (1987) ArticleTitleA novel imino-acid carrier in the enterocyte basolateral membrane Biochim Biophys Acta 896 247–255 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhsFWks74%3D Occurrence Handle3801470 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0005-2736(87)90185-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • EP Eddy C Wood J Miller G Wilson IJ Hidalgo (1995) ArticleTitleA comparison of the affinities of dipeptides and antibiotics for the di-/tripeptide transporter in Caco-2 cells Int J Pharmacol 115 79–86 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0378-5173(94)00256-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjs1Gjt7c%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Ezra A Hoffman E Breuer IS Alferiev J Monkkonen N El Hanany-Rozen G Weiss D Stepensky I Gati H Cohen S Tormalehto GL Amidon G Golomb (2000) ArticleTitleA peptide prodrug approach for improving bisphosphonate oral absorption J Med Chem 43 3641–3652 Occurrence Handle10.1021/jm980645y Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmtlCisLY%3D Occurrence Handle11020278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • YJ Fei Y Kanai S Nussberger V Ganapathy FH Leibach MF Romero SK Singh WF Boron MA Hediger (1994) ArticleTitleExpression cloning of a mammalian proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter Nature 368 563–566 Occurrence Handle10.1038/368563a0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXksFCntro%3D Occurrence Handle8139693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G Fischer (1994) ArticleTitleAbout PPIases and their inhibitors Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 33 1415–1436 Occurrence Handle10.1002/anie.199414151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G Fischer B Wittmann-Liebold K Lang T Kiefhaber FX Schmid (1989) ArticleTitleCyclophilin and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase are probably identical proteins Nature 337 476–478 Occurrence Handle10.1038/337476a0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhs1yrtL4%3D Occurrence Handle2492638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer B (ed) (1995) Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) in metabolism and the immune response. Springer, Heidelberg

  • M Foltz M Boll L Raschka G Kottra H Daniel (2004a) ArticleTitleA novel bifunctionality: PAT1 and PAT2 mediate electrogenic proton/amino acid and electroneutral proton/fatty acid symport FASEB J 18 1758–1760 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpslehtLo%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Foltz C Oechsler M Boll G Kottra H Daniel (2004b) ArticleTitleSubstrate specificity and transport mode of the proton-dependent amino acid transporter mPAT2 Eur J Biochem 271 3340–3347 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04268.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntFeltbk%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ME Ganapathy M Brandsch PD Prasad V Ganapathy FH Leibach (1995) ArticleTitleDifferential recognition of ß-lactam antibiotics by intestinal and renal peptide transporters, PEPT 1 and PEPT 2 J Biol Chem 270 25672–25677 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXovFyksr0%3D Occurrence Handle7592745 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.270.43.25672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ME Ganapathy W Huang H Wang V Ganapathy FH Leibach (1998) ArticleTitleValacyclovir: a substrate for the intestinal and renal peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 Biochem Biophys Res Commun 246 470–475 Occurrence Handle10.1006/bbrc.1998.8628 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjsFWiuro%3D Occurrence Handle9610386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganapathy V, Brandsch M, Leibach FH (1994) Intestinal transport of amino acids and peptides. In: Johnson LR (ed) Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, 3rd ed. Raven Press, New York, pp 1773–1794

  • V Ganapathy G Burckhardt FH Leibach (1984) ArticleTitleCharacteristics of glycylsarcosine transport in rabbit intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles J Biol Chem 259 8954–8959 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXkvVGrtrw%3D Occurrence Handle6746633

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganapathy V, Ganapathy ME, Leibach FH (2001) Intestinal transport of peptides and amino acids. In: Barrett KE, Donowitz M (eds) Current topics in membranes, vol 50. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 379–412

  • V Ganapathy FH Leibach (1983) ArticleTitleRole of pH gradient and membrane potential in dipeptide transport in intestinal and renal brush-border membrane vesicles from the rabbit. Studies with L-carnosine and glycyl-L-proline J Biol Chem 258 14189–14192 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlvV2qtr8%3D Occurrence Handle6643475

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • V Ganapathy J Mendicino DH Pashley FH Leibach (1980) ArticleTitleCarrier-mediated transport of glycyl-L-proline in renal brush border vesicles Biochem Biophys Res Commun 97 1133–1139 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXlvF2ktg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle7470140 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-291X(80)91493-X

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • V Ganapathy JF Mendicino FH Leibach (1981) ArticleTitleTransport of glycyl-L-proline into intestinal and renal brush border vesicles from rabbit J Biol Chem 256 118–124 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXlvF2qtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle7451429

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Gebauer I Knütter B Hartrodt M Brandsch K Neubert I Thondorf (2003) ArticleTitleThree-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of peptide substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1 J Med Chem 46 5725–5734 Occurrence Handle10.1021/jm030976x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXovFyiu74%3D Occurrence Handle14667225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SI Goodman CA McIntyre SuffixJr D O’Brien (1967) ArticleTitleImpaired intestinal transport of proline in a patient with familial iminoaciduria J Pediatr 71 246–249 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaF2s7osVWmsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle6029472 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0022-3476(67)80081-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DA Groneberg A Fischer KF Chung H Daniel (2004) ArticleTitleMolecular mechanisms of pulmonary peptidomimetic drug and peptide transport Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 30 251–260 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXitV2mur8%3D Occurrence Handle14969997 Occurrence Handle10.1165/rcmb.2003-0315TR

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MR Hammerman B Sacktor (1977) ArticleTitleTransport of amino acids in renal brush border membrane vesicles. Uptake of L-proline J Biol Chem 252 591–595 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXosVyktg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle833146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Hatanaka W Huang H Wang M Sugawara PD Prasad FH Leibach V Ganapathy (2000) ArticleTitlePrimary structure, functional characteristics and tissue expression pattern of human ATA2, a subtype of amino acid transport system A Biochim Biophys Acta 1467 1–6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltlersr0%3D Occurrence Handle10930503 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0005-2736(00)00252-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K Hayashi SI Yamamoto K Ohe A Miyoshi T Kawasaki (1980) ArticleTitleNa+-gradient-dependent transport of L-proline and analysis of its carrier system in brush-border membrane vesicles of the guinea-pig ileum Biochim Biophys Acta 601 654–663 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXlvF2gtbc%3D Occurrence Handle7417443 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0005-2736(80)90566-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hediger MA [Special Editor] (2004) The ABC of solute transporters. Pflugers Archiv 447 (5)

  • D Herrera-Ruiz GT Knipp (2003) ArticleTitleCurrent perspectives on established and putative mammalian oligopeptide transporters J Pharm Sci 92 691–714 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jps.10303 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXislOgsrk%3D Occurrence Handle12661057

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L Ingrosso S Marsigliante V Zonno C Storelli S Vilella (2000) ArticleTitleAn L-proline-dependent proton flux is located at the apical membrane level of the eel enterocytes Am J Physiol 279 R1619–R1624 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotFarsro%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Inoue H Iguch A Kouno Y Tsuruta (2001) ArticleTitleFluorometric determination of N-terminal prolyl dipeptides, proline and hydroxyproline in human serum by pre-column high-performance liquid chromatography using 4-(5,6-dimethoxy-2-phthalimidinyl)-2-methoxyphenylsufonyl chloride J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 757 369–373 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00162-1 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjsFalsLo%3D Occurrence Handle11417884

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KI Inui S Masuda H Saito (2000) ArticleTitleCellular and molecular aspects of drug transport in the kidney Kidney Int 58 944–958 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00251.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmsleitr4%3D Occurrence Handle10972658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DJ Kennedy KM Gatfield JP Winpenny V Ganapathy DT Thwaites (2005) ArticleTitleSubstrate specificity and functional characterisation of the H+/amino acid transporter rat PAT2 (SLC36A2) Br J Pharmacol 144 28–41 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.bjp.0706029 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitVeltQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle15644866

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • I Knütter B Hartrodt S Theis M Foltz M Rastetter H Daniel K Neubert M Brandsch (2004) ArticleTitleAnalysis of the transport properties of side chain modified dipeptides at the mammalian peptide transporter PEPT1 Eur J Pharm Sci 21 61–67 Occurrence Handle14706812 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0928-0987(03)00141-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovFWm

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • I Knütter I Rubio-Aliaga M Boll G Hause H Daniel K Neubert M Brandsch (2002) ArticleTitleH+-peptide cotransport in the human bile duct epithelium cell line SK-ChA-1 Am J Physiol 283 G222–G229

    Google Scholar 

  • I Knütter S Theis B Hartrodt I Born M Brandsch H Daniel K Neubert (2001) ArticleTitleA novel inhibitor of the mammalian peptide transporter PEPT1 Biochemistry 40 4454–4458 Occurrence Handle11284702 Occurrence Handle10.1021/bi0026371 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhslamtrc%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Koepsell BM Schmitt V Gorboulev (2003) ArticleTitleOrganic cation transporters Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 150 36–90 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjs1Wmsbw%3D Occurrence Handle12827517 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10254-003-0017-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LM Kow DW Pfaff (1991) ArticleTitleCyclo(His-Pro) potentiates the reduction of food intake induced by amphetamine, fenfluramine, or serotonin Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38 365–369 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhvF2qtbk%3D Occurrence Handle2057504 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0091-3057(91)90292-A

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Kowalczuk A Bröer M Munzinger N Tietze K Klingel S Bröer (2005) ArticleTitleMolecular cloning of the mouse IMINO system: an Na+- and Cl-dependent proline transporter Biochem J 386 417–422 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitVegs70%3D Occurrence Handle15689184 Occurrence Handle10.1042/BJ20050100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KJ Langen K Hamacher D Bauer S Bröer D Pauleit H Herzog F Floeth K Zilles HH Coenen (2005) ArticleTitlePreferred stereoselective transport of the D-isomer of cis-4-[18F]fluoro-proline at the blood–brain barrier J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25 607–616 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600065 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXktleltbY%3D Occurrence Handle15744252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K-J Langen H Mühlensiepen S Schmieder K Hamacher S Bröer AR Börner FHA Schneeweiss HH Coenen (2002) ArticleTitleTransport of cis- and trans-4-[18F]fluoro-L-proline in F98 glioma cells Nucleic Med Biol 29 685–692 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVeisLs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0969-8051(02)00327-X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EA Law IB Sardharwalla (1978) ArticleTitleA new type of heterozygote of familial renal iminoglycinuria Monogr Hum Genet 9 152–154 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE1M%2FptlOhsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle732833

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • VH Lee (2000) ArticleTitleMembrane transporters Eur J Pharm Sci 11 S41–S50 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXntF2gtbs%3D Occurrence Handle11033426 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0928-0987(00)00163-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CJ Lin W Akarawut DE Smith (1999) ArticleTitleCompetitive inhibition of glycylsarcosine transport by enalapril in rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles: interaction of ACE inhibitors with high-affinity H+/peptide symporter Pharmacol Res 16 609–615 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjt1yisbY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1018847818766

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KX Liu Y Kato TI Kaku T Santa K Imai A Yagi T Ishizu Y Sugiyama (2000) ArticleTitleHydroxyprolylserine derivatives JBP923 and JBP485 exhibit the antihepatitis activities after gastrointestinal absorption in rats J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294 510–515 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltlKgsL8%3D Occurrence Handle10900226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • W Liu R Liang S Ramamoorthy YJ Fei ME Ganapathy MA Hediger V Ganapathy FH Leibach (1995) ArticleTitleMolecular cloning of PEPT 2, a new member of the H+/peptide cotransporter family, from human kidney Biochim Biophys Acta 1235 461–466 Occurrence Handle7756356 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0005-2736(95)80036-F

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P Luckner M Brandsch (2005) ArticleTitleInteraction of 31 ß-lactam antibiotics with the H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: analysis of affinity constants and comparison with PEPT1 Eur J Pharmacol Biopharmacol 59 17–24 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtValsrvL Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.07.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SC Lummis DL Beene LW Lee HA Lester RW Broadhurst DA Dougherty (2005) ArticleTitle Cis-trans isomerization at a proline opens the pore of a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel Nature 438 248–252 Occurrence Handle10.1038/nature04130 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtF2nsrjL Occurrence Handle16281040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Ma F Kalman A Kalman F Thunecke C Horvath (1995) ArticleTitleCapillary zone electrophoresis at subzero temperatures. I. Separation of the cis and trans conformers of small peptides J Chromatogr A 716 167–182 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0021-9673(95)00555-2 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpsV2ltLY%3D Occurrence Handle8574385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DM Matthews (1975) ArticleTitleIntestinal absorption of peptides Physiol Rev 55 537–608 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE28XhsV2kug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1103167

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L Metzner J Kalbitz M Brandsch (2004) ArticleTitleTransport of pharmacologically active proline derivatives by the human proton-coupled amino acid transporter hPAT1 J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309 28–35 Occurrence Handle10.1124/jpet.103.059014 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivFamtrw%3D Occurrence Handle14718599

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L Metzner G Kottra K Neubert H Daniel M Brandsch (2005) ArticleTitleSerotonin, L-tryptophan, and tryptamine are effective inhibitors of the amino acid transport system PAT1 FASEB J 19 1468–1473 Occurrence Handle10.1096/fj.05-3683com Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpvFSltbw%3D Occurrence Handle16126914

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metzner L, Neubert K, Brandsch M (2006) Substrate specificity of the amino acid transporter PAT1. Amino Acids (in press)

  • Y Miyamoto V Ganapathy A Barlas K Neubert A Barth FH Leibach (1987) ArticleTitleRole of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in uptake of peptide nitrogen from ß-casomorphin in rabbit renal BBMV Am J Physiol 252 F670–F677 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXktVCqsr8%3D Occurrence Handle2882693

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Miyauchi EL Abbot L Zhuang R Subramanian V Ganapathy DT Thwaites (2005) ArticleTitleIsolation and function of the amino acid transporter PAT1 (slc36a1) from rabbit and discrimination between transport via PAT1 and system IMINO in renal brush-border membrane vesicles Mol Membr Biol 22 549–559 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlCnurnM Occurrence Handle16373326 Occurrence Handle10.1080/09687860500421779

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • VA Moore WJ Irwin P Timmins PA Lambert S Chong SA Dando RA Morrison (2000) ArticleTitleA rapid screening system to determine drug affinities for the intestinal dipeptide transporter 2: affinities of ACE inhibitors Int J Pharmacol 210 29–44 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsVyrtg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00564-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Morikawa K Tada (1967) ArticleTitleA transport system common to imino acids and glycine Tohoku J Exp Med 93 31–38 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXhtFSmug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle5586562 Occurrence Handle10.1620/tjem.93.31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A Morita YC Chung HJ Freeman RH Erickson MH Sleisenger YS Kim (1983) ArticleTitleIntestinal assimilation of a proline-containing tetrapeptide. Role of a brush border membrane postproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV J Clin Invest 72 610–616 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlsFGrtb8%3D Occurrence Handle6135710 Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI111009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Müller KS Lips RHH Neubert H Koepsell M Brandsch (2005) ArticleTitleDrug specificity and intestinal membrane localization of human organic cation transporters (OCT) Biochem Pharmacol 70 1851–1860 Occurrence Handle16263091 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.bcp.2005.09.011 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1egs7bF

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BG Munck (1966) ArticleTitleAmino acid transport by the small intestine of the rat. The existence and specificity of the transport mechanism of imino acids and its relation to the transport of glycine Biochim Biophys Acta 120 97–103 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF28XktVKjur8%3D Occurrence Handle5961111 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0926-6585(66)90281-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BG Munck (1984) ArticleTitleImino acid transport across the brush-border membrane of the guinea-pig small intestine Biochim Biophys Acta 770 35–39 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhtlCnsL8%3D Occurrence Handle6421323 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0005-2736(84)90070-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BG Munck LK Munck SN Rasmussen A Polache (1994) ArticleTitleSpecificity of the imino acid carrier in rat small intestine Am J Physiol 266 R1154–R1161 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktVGkur0%3D Occurrence Handle8184957

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LK Munck BG Munck (1992) ArticleTitleThe rabbit jejunal ‘imino carrier’ and the ileal ‘imino acid carrier’ describe the same epithelial function Biochim Biophys Acta 1116 91–96 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XksVGiu7c%3D Occurrence Handle1581349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PL Nicklin WJ Irwin IF Hassan M Mackay (1992) ArticleTitleProline uptake by monolayers of human intestinal absorptive (Caco-2) cells in vitro Biochim Biophys Acta 1104 283–292 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhsVyqs7s%3D Occurrence Handle1547265 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0005-2736(92)90042-K

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CU Nielsen B Brodin FS Jorgensen S Frokjaer B Steffansen (2002) ArticleTitleHuman peptide transporters: therapeutic applications Expert Opin Ther Patents 12 1329–1350 Occurrence Handle10.1517/13543776.12.9.1329 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosValtr8%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JG Ortiz AE Negron MS Bruno (1989) ArticleTitleHigh-affinity binding of proline to mouse brain synaptic membranes Neurochem Res 14 139–142 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00969628 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhvFSju7k%3D Occurrence Handle2725813

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Palacin R Estevez J Bertran A Zorzano (1998) ArticleTitleMolecular biology of mammalian plasma membrane amino acid transporters Physiol Rev 78 969–1054 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntFOhurg%3D Occurrence Handle9790568

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Pinilla-Tenas A Barber MP Lostao (2003) ArticleTitleTransport of proline and hydroxyproline by the neutral amino-acid exchanger ASCT1 J Membr Biol 195 27–32 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00232-003-2041-9 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsFelt7g%3D Occurrence Handle14502423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DJ Prockop HR Keiser A Sjoerdsma (1962) ArticleTitleGastrointestinal absorption and renal excretion of hydroxyproline peptides Lancet 15 527–528 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(62)90400-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VM Rajendran SA Ansari JM Harig MB Adams AH Khan K Ramaswamy (1985) ArticleTitleTransport of glycyl-L-proline by human intestinal brush border membrane vesicles Gastroenterology 89 1298–1304 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XitlWi Occurrence Handle4054522

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G Ranaldi K Islam Y Sambuy (1994) ArticleTitleD-cycloserine uses an active transport mechanism in the human intestinal cell line Caco 2 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38 1239–1245 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXkt1Khsb4%3D Occurrence Handle8092820

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Z Ristic SM Camargo E Romeo S Bodoy J Bertran M Palacin V Makrides EM Furrer F Verrey (2006) ArticleTitleNeutral amino acid transport mediated by ortholog of imino acid transporter SIT1/SLC6A20 in opossum kidney cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290 F880–F887 Occurrence Handle16234310 Occurrence Handle10.1152/ajprenal.00319.2005 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xks1Smsrs%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Roigaard-Petersen C Jacobsen H Jessen S Mollerup MI Sheikh (1989) ArticleTitleElectrogenic uptake of D-imino acids by luminal membrane vesicles from rabbit kidney proximal tubule Biochim Biophys Acta 984 231–237 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1Mzlt1KlsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle2765551 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0005-2736(89)90221-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Roigaard-Petersen H Jessen S Mollerup KE Jorgensen C Jacobsen MI Sheikh (1990) ArticleTitleProton gradient-dependent renal transport of glycine: evidence for vesicle studies Am J Physiol 258 F388–F396 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3c7nvVCjsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle2155542

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E Romeo MH Dave D Bacic Z Ristic SM Camargo J Loffing CA Wagner F Verrey (2006) ArticleTitleLuminal kidney and intestine SLC6 amino acid transporters of B0AT-cluster and their tissue distribution in Mus musculus Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290 F376–F383 Occurrence Handle10.1152/ajprenal.00286.2005 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhsFKitb4%3D Occurrence Handle16174864

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • I Rubio-Aliaga M Boll DM Vogt Weisenhorn M Foltz G Kottra H Daniel (2004) ArticleTitleThe proton/amino acid cotransporter PAT2 is expressed in neurons with a different subcellular localization than its paralog PAT1 J Biol Chem 279 2754–2760 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkslyjsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle14600155 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M305556200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C Sagne C Agulhon P Ravassard M Darmon M Hamon S El Mestikawy B Gasnier B Giros (2001) ArticleTitleIdentification and characterization of a lysosomal transporter for small neutral amino acids Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 7206–7211 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.121183498 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkslWmt7Y%3D Occurrence Handle11390972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K Sakata T Yamashita M Maeda Y Moriyama S Shimada M Tohyama (2001) ArticleTitleCloning of a lymphatic peptide/histidine transporter Biochem J 356 53–60 Occurrence Handle10.1042/0264-6021:3560053 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvF2itrY%3D Occurrence Handle11336635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C Shu H Shen U Hopfer DE Smith (2001) ArticleTitleMechanism of intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of an orally active ace inhibitor: uptake and transport of fosinopril in cell cultures Drug Metab Dispos 29 1307–1315 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntVGquro%3D Occurrence Handle11560874

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B Steffansen CU Nielsen B Brodin AH Eriksson R Andersen S Frokjaer (2004) ArticleTitleIntestinal solute carriers: an overview of trends and strategies for improving oral drug absorption Eur J Pharm Sci 21 3–16 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovFSn Occurrence Handle14706808 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.ejps.2003.10.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BR Stevens HJ Ross EM Wright (1982) ArticleTitleMultiple transport pathways for neutral amino acids in rabbit jejunal brush border vesicles J Membr Biol 66 213–225 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XksFWgsrw%3D Occurrence Handle6808139 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01868496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BR Stevens EM Wright (1985) ArticleTitleSubstrate specificity of the intestinal brush-border proline/sodium (IMINO) transporter J Membr Biol 87 27–34 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXlvFWmtbc%3D Occurrence Handle4057242 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01870696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Takanaga B Mackenzie JB Peng MA Hediger (2005a) ArticleTitleCharacterization of a branched-chain amino-acid transporter SBAT1 (SLC6A15) that is expressed in human brain Biochem Biophys Res Commun 337 892–900 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.128 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFCjs73P

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Takanaga B Mackenzie Y Suzuki MA Hediger (2005b) ArticleTitleIdentification of a mammalian proline transporter (SIT1, SLC6A20) with characteristics of classical system IMINO J Biol Chem 280 8974–8984 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitVCitrY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M413027200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Takanaga N Tokuda S Ohtsuki K Hosoya T Terasaki (2002) ArticleTitleATA2 is predominantly expressed as system A at the blood–brain barrier and acts as brain-to-blood efflux transport for L-proline Mol Pharmacol 61 1289–1296 Occurrence Handle10.1124/mol.61.6.1289 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XksVWrt78%3D Occurrence Handle12021389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Takeuchi DJ Prockop (1969) ArticleTitleBiosynthesis of abnormal collagens with amino acid analogues. I. Incorporation of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid and cis-4-fluoro-L-proline into protocollagen and collagen Biochim Biophys Acta 175 142–155 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF1MXmsVekuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle4885541

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Terada K Sawada T Ito H Saito Y Hashimoto K Inui (2000) ArticleTitleFunctional expression of novel peptide transporter in renal basolateral membranes Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 279 F851–F857 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotFartrc%3D Occurrence Handle11053045

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Terada K Sawada H Saito Y Hashimoto K Inui (1999) ArticleTitleFunctional characteristics of basolateral peptide transporter in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 Am J Physiol 276 G1435–G1441 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXktlSrurc%3D Occurrence Handle10362647

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NS Teuscher A Novotny RF Keep DE Smith (2000) ArticleTitleFunctional evidence for presence of PEPT2 in rat choroid plexus: studies with glycylsarcosine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294 494–499 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltlKgs7c%3D Occurrence Handle10900224

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Theis I Knütter B Hartrodt M Brandsch G Kottra K Neubert H Daniel (2002) ArticleTitleSynthesis and characterization of high affinity inhibitors of the H+/peptide transporter PEPT2 J Biol Chem 277 7287–7292 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M105028200 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitV2ls78%3D Occurrence Handle11751927

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DT Thwaites G Armstrong BH Hirst NL Simmons (1995a) ArticleTitleD-Cycloserine transport in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells: mediation by a H+-coupled amino acid transporter Br J Pharmacol 115 761–766 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmsl2itb0%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DT Thwaites L Basterfield PMJ McCleave SM Carter NL Simmons (2000) ArticleTitleGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport across human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cell monolayers Br J Pharmacol 129 457–464 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.bjp.0703069 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXht1ynsb0%3D Occurrence Handle10711343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DT Thwaites M Cavet BH Hirst NL Simmons (1995b) ArticleTitleAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor transport in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells Br J Pharmacol 114 981–986 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkt1WmsL0%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DT Thwaites BH Hirst NL Simmons (1994) ArticleTitleSubstrate specificity of the di/tripeptide transporter in human intestinal epithelia (Caco-2): identification of substrates that undergo H+-coupled absorption Br J Pharmacol 113 1050–1056 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmvFWqt7g%3D Occurrence Handle7858848

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DT Thwaites GTA McEwan CDA Brown BH Hirst NL Simmons (1993a) ArticleTitleNa+-independent, H+-coupled transepithelial β-alanine absorption by human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers J Biol Chem 268 18438–18441 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlsFKrs74%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DT Thwaites GTA McEwan MJ Cook BH Hirst NL Simmons (1993b) ArticleTitleH+-coupled (Na+-independent) proline transport in human intestinal (Caco-2) epithelial cell monolayers FEBS Lett 333 78–82 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0014-5793(93)80378-8 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmsVKntbw%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C Tiruppathi Y Miyamoto V Ganapathy RA Roesel GM Whitford FH Leibach (1990) ArticleTitleHydrolysis and transport of proline-containing peptides in renal brush-border membrane vesicles from dipeptidyl peptidase IV-positive and dipeptidyl peptidase IV-negative rat strains J Biol Chem 265 1476–1483 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXps1Shsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1967253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Uebel W Kraas S Kienle KH Wiesmüller G Jung R Tampe (1997) ArticleTitleRecognition principle of the TAP transporter disclosed by combinatorial peptide libraries Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 8976–8981 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.94.17.8976 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXls1Kmtb0%3D Occurrence Handle9256420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Uitto L Ryhänen EML Tan AI Oikarinen EJ Zaragoza (1984) ArticleTitlePharmacological inhibition of excessive collagen deposition in fibrotic diseases Fed Proc 43 2815–2820 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXlvVegs70%3D Occurrence Handle6479355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E Urdaneta A Barber EM Wright MP Lostao (1998) ArticleTitleFunctional expression of the rabbit intestinal Na+/L-proline cotransporter (IMINO system) in Xenopus laevis oocytes J Physiol Biochem 54 155–160 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXitFSqurY%3D Occurrence Handle10217212

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G Vanhoof F Goossens I De Meester D Hendriks S Scharpe (1995) ArticleTitleProline motifs in peptides and their biological processing FASEB J 9 736–744 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmvFCltbo%3D Occurrence Handle7601338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Vilella G Cassano C Storelli (1989) ArticleTitleHow many Na+-dependent carriers for L-alanine and L-proline in the eel intestine? Studies with brush-border membrane vesicles Biochim Biophys Acta 984 188–192 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXls12msr0%3D Occurrence Handle2765548 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0005-2736(89)90215-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Yamashita S Shimada W Guo K Sato E Kohmura T Hayakawa T Takagi M Tohyama (1997) ArticleTitleCloning and functional expression of a brain peptide/histidine transporter J Biol Chem 272 10205–10211 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.272.17.11408 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXisFOmtbw%3D Occurrence Handle9092568

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • X Zhao CE Hoesl GC Hoefner KT Wanner (2005) ArticleTitleSynthesis and biological evaluation of new GABA-uptake inhibitors derived from proline and from pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid Eur J Med Chem 40 231–247 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhs12itLw%3D Occurrence Handle15725493 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.11.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D Zilberstein DM Dwyer (1985) ArticleTitleProtonmotive force-driven active transport of D-glucose and L-proline in the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 1716–1720 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhs1emsL4%3D Occurrence Handle2984665 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.82.6.1716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Brandsch, M. Transport of L-proline, L-proline-containing peptides and related drugs at mammalian epithelial cell membranes. Amino Acids 31, 119–136 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0307-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0307-0

Navigation