Abstract
Purpose
We investigated whether a myocardial perfusion gradient during pharmacologically induced hyperemia also occurred during sympathetic stimulation with cold pressor testing (CPT), which commonly induces a paradoxical coronary vasoconstriction in individuals with coronary risk factors.
Methods
Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured in absolute units (ml/g/min) with 13N-ammonia and PET at rest, during CPT, and during pharmacologic vasodilation in 59 participants with coronary risk factors (“at risk”) and in 43 healthy individuals (controls). MBF was assessed globally as mean MBF, and in the mid and mid-distal myocardium of the left ventricle (LV). A decrease in MBF from mid to mid-distal LV myocardium was defined as MBF difference indicative of a perfusion gradient.
Results
The change in mean MBF to CPT (ΔMBF) in the at-risk group was significantly reduced compared with controls (0.05±0.19 vs 0.31±0.20 ml/g/min, p<0.0001), whereas mean MBF during pharmacologic vasodilation in the at-risk group tended to be lower than in controls (1.72±0.71 vs 2.00±0.64 ml/g/min, p=NS). Absolute MBFs during CPT and pharmacologic vasodilation were significantly lower in the mid-distal than in the mid LV myocardium, resulting in a significant MBF difference in the at-risk group (0.15±0.06 and 0.27±0.12 ml/g/min, p<0.0001) that was not observed in controls (0.007±0.05 and 0.014±0.10 ml/g/min, p=NS). In the at-risk group there was a significant correlation between the difference of mid to mid-distal MBF during CPT and that during pharmacologic vasodilation (r=0.43, p<0.004), suggesting functional alterations of epicardial vessels as the predominant cause for the observed MBF difference.
Conclusion
The relative decrease in MBF from the mid to the mid-distal left-ventricular myocardium suggests an intracoronary pressure decline during CPT and pharmacologic vasodilation, which is likely to reflect an impairment of flow-mediated epicardial vasomotor function.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gould KL, Nakagawa Y, Nakagawa K, Sdringola S, Hess MJ, Haynie M, et al. Frequency and clinical implications of fluid dynamically significant diffuse coronary artery disease manifest as graded, longitudinal, base-to-apex myocardial perfusion abnormalities by noninvasive positron emission tomography. Circulation 2000;101:1931–1939.
Hernandez-Pampaloni M, Keng FY, Kudo T, Sayre JS, Schelbert HR. Abnormal longitudinal, base-to-apex myocardial perfusion gradient by quantitative blood flow measurements in patients with coronary risk factors. Circulation 2001;104:527–532.
Sdringola S, Patel D, Gould KL. High prevalence of myocardial perfusion abnormalities on positron emission tomography in asymptomatic persons with a parent or sibling with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001;103:496–501.
De Bruyne B, Hersbach F, Pijls NH, Bartunek J, Bech JW, Heyndrickx GR, et al. Abnormal epicardial coronary resistance in patients with diffuse atherosclerosis but “normal” coronary angiography. Circulation 2001;104:2401–2406.
Drexler H, Zeiher AM, Wollschlager H, Meinertz T, Just H, Bonzel T. Flow-dependent coronary artery dilatation in humans. Circulation 1989;80:466–474.
Cox DA, Vita JA, Treasure CB, Fish RD, Alexander RW, Ganz P, et al. Atherosclerosis impairs flow-mediated dilation of coronary arteries in humans. Circulation 1989;80:458–465.
Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschlager H, Just H. Modulation of coronary vasomotor tone in humans. Progressive endothelial dysfunction with different early stages of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 1991;83:391–401.
Schoder H, Silverman DH, Campisi R, Karpman H, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR, et al. Effect of mental stress on myocardial blood flow and vasomotion in patients with coronary artery disease. J Nucl Med 2000;41:11–16.
Zeiher AM, Drexler H. Coronary hemodynamic determinants of epicardial artery vasomotor responses during sympathetic stimulation in humans. Basic Res Cardiol 1991;86 (Suppl 2):203–213.
Nabel EG, Ganz P, Gordon JB, Alexander RW, Selwyn AP. Dilation of normal and constriction of atherosclerotic coronary arteries caused by the cold pressor test. Circulation 1988;77:43–52.
Schindler TH, Nitzsche EU, Munzel T, Olschewski M, Brink I, Jeserich M, et al. Coronary vasoregulation in patients with various risk factors in response to cold pressor testing: contrasting myocardial blood flow responses to short- and long-term vitamin C administration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:814–822.
Schindler TH, Hornig B, Buser PT, Olschewski M, Magosaki N, Pfisterer M, et al. Prognostic value of abnormal vasoreactivity of epicardial coronary arteries to sympathetic stimulation in patients with normal coronary angiograms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:495–501.
Schindler TH, Nitzsche EU, Olschewski M, Brink I, Mix M, Prior J, et al. PET-measured responses of MBF to cold pressor testing correlate with indices of coronary vasomotion on quantitative coronary angiography. J Nucl Med 2004;45:419–428.
Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschlager H, Just H. Endothelial dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature is associated with coronary blood flow regulation in patients with early atherosclerosis. Circulation 1991;84:1984–1992.
Prior JO, Quinones MJ, Hernandez-Pampaloni M, Facta AD, Schindler TH, Sayre JW, et al. Coronary circulatory dysfunction in insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2005;111:2291–2298.
Schindler TH, Nitzsche EU, Olschewski M, Magosaki N, Mix M, Prior JO, et al. Chronic inflammation and impaired coronary vasoreactivity in patients with coronary risk factors. Circulation 2004;110:1069–1075.
Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschlaeger H, Saurbier B, Just H. Coronary vasomotion in response to sympathetic stimulation in humans: importance of the functional integrity of the endothelium. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:1181–1190
Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med 1979;300:1350–1358.
Campisi R, Nathan L, Pampaloni MH, Schoder H, Sayre JW, Chaudhuri G, et al. Noninvasive assessment of coronary microcirculatory function in postmenopausal women and effects of short-term and long-term estrogen administration. Circulation 2002;105:425–430.
Campisi R, Czernin J, Schoder H, Sayre JW, Marengo FD, Phelps ME, et al. Effects of long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow, coronary vasomotion, and vasodilator capacity. Circulation 1998;98:119–125.
Schelbert HR, Phelps ME, Huang SC, MacDonald NS, Hansen H, Selin C, et al. N-13 ammonia as an indicator of myocardial blood flow. Circulation 1981;63:1259–1272.
Chan SY, Brunken RC, Czernin J, Porenta G, Kuhle W, Krivokapich J, et al. Comparison of maximal myocardial blood flow during adenosine infusion with that of intravenous dipyridamole in normal men. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:979–985.
Hutchins GD, Caraher JM, Raylman RR. A region of interest strategy for minimizing resolution distortions in quantitative myocardial PET studies. J Nucl Med 1992;33:1243–1250.
Kuhle WG, Porenta G, Huang SC, Buxton D, Gambhir SS, Hansen H, et al. Quantification of regional myocardial blood flow using 13N-ammonia and reoriented dynamic positron emission tomographic imaging. Circulation 1992;86:1004–1017.
Buus NH, Bottcher M, Hermansen F, Sander M, Nielsen TT, Mulvany MJ. Influence of nitric oxide synthase and adrenergic inhibition on adenosine-induced myocardial hyperemia. Circulation 2001;104:2305–2310.
Tawakol A, Forgione MA, Stuehlinger M, Alpert NM, Cooke JP, Loscalzo J, et al. Homocysteine impairs coronary microvascular dilator function in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1051–1058.
Wyss CA, Koepfli P, Namdar M, Siegrist PT, Luscher TF, Camici PG, et al. Tetrahydrobiopterin restores impaired coronary microvascular dysfunction in hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:84–91.
Victor RG, Leimbach WN, Jr., Seals DR, Wallin BG, Mark AL. Effects of the cold pressor test on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Hypertension 1987;9:429–436.
Nitenberg A, Ledoux S, Valensi P, Sachs R, Attali JR, Antony I. Impairment of coronary microvascular dilation in response to cold pressor-induced sympathetic stimulation in type 2 diabetic patients with abnormal stress thallium imaging. Diabetes 2001;50:1180–1185.
Kern MJ. Coronary physiology revisited: practical insights from the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Circulation 2000;101:1344–1351.
Fang ZY, Schull-Meade R, Downey M, Prins J, Marwick TH. Determinants of subclinical diabetic heart disease. Diabetologia 2005;48:394–402.
Hesse B, Meyer C, Nielsen FS, Sato A, Hove JD, Holm S, et al. Myocardial perfusion in type 2 diabetes with left ventricular hypertrophy: normalisation by acute angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:362–368.
Kaufmann PA, Camici PG. Myocardial blood flow measurement by PET: technical aspects and clinical applications. J Nucl Med 2005;46:75–88.
Kaufmann PA, Frielingsdorf J, Mandinov L, Seiler C, Hug R, Hess OM. Reversal of abnormal coronary vasomotion by calcium antagonists in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1998;97:1348–1354.
Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Diodati JG, Callahan TS, Bonow RO, Epstein SE. Long-term variation in myocardial ischemia during daily life in patients with stable coronary artery disease: its relation to changes in the ischemic threshold. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:500–506.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the PET Imaging and Cyclotron staff for their support in the imaging studies, Akiyaa Nickelson for preparing the illustrations, and Victoria Bender for her secretarial assistance. This work was supported by a Research Grant HL 33177, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The authors have full control of all primary data and agree to allow EJNMMI to review the data if requested.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schindler, T.H., Facta, A.D., Prior, J.O. et al. PET-measured heterogeneity in longitudinal myocardial blood flow in response to sympathetic and pharmacologic stress as a non-invasive probe of epicardial vasomotor dysfunction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33, 1140–1149 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-006-0069-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-006-0069-7