Article PDF
References
Abdel-Dayem HM, Bahar RK, Sigurdsson GH, Sadek S, Olivecrona H, Ali AM (1989) The hollow skull: a sign of brain death in Tc-99m HM-Pao brain scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med 14:912–916
Adams RD, Victor M (1985) Principles of neurology, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Ashwal S, Schneider S, Thompson J (1989) Xenon computed tomography measuring cerebral blood flow in the determination of brain death in children. Ann Neurol 25:539–546
Beecher HK (1968) A definition of irreversible coma: report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to examine the definition of brain death. JAMA 205:85–88
Buchner H, Schuchardt V (1990) Reliability of electroencephalogram in the diagnosis of brain death. Eur Neurol 30:138–141
Costa DC (1990) Single photon emission tomography (SPET) with 99Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (HMPAO) in research and clinical practice — a useful tool. Vascular Med Rev 1:179–201
Costa DC, Lui D, Ell PJ (1987) Tc-99m-HMPAO uptake in rat brain: sensitivity to physiological and pharmacological intervention ‘in vivo’. Nucl Med 26:146–147
Costa DC, Hubank M, Sinha A, Lui D, Ell PJ (1989) Influence of time, temperature, sodium-potassium pump inhibition and glutathione on the 99Tc-HMPAO uptake by cultured astrocytes. Eur J Nucl Med 15:584
Danish Ethics Council (1990) Danish Ethics Council rejects brain death as the criterion of death. J Med Ethics 16:5–7
Ell PJ, Hocknell JML, Jarrit P (1985) A99Tcm-labelled radiotracer for the investigation of cerebral vascular disease. Nucl Med Comm 6:437–441
Galaske RG, Schober O, Heyer R (1988)99mTc-HM-PAO and123I-amphetamine cerebral scintigraphy: a new, non-invasive method in determination of brain death in children. Eur J Nucl Med 14:446–452
Ganes T, Lundar T (1988) EEG and evoked potentials in comatose patients with severe brain damage. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 69:6–13
George MS, Gross JA, Hogan EL, Kurent J, Plyler J, Perot PL (1990) Establishing brain death in South Carolina: a clinician's guide. J SC Med Assoc 86:385–388
Grigg MM, Kelly MA, Celesia GG, Ghobrial MW, Ross ER (1987) EEG activity after brain death. Arch Neurol 44:948–954
Jordan JE, Dyess E, Cliett J (1985) Unusual spontaneous movements in brain dead patients. Neurology (NY) 35:1082
Kaufman HH, Geisler FH, Kopitnik T, Higgins W, Stewart D (1989) Detection of brain death in barbiturate coma: the dilemma of an intracranial pulse. Neurosurgery 25:275–277
Kohrman MH, Spivak BS (1990) Brain death in infants: sensitivity and specificity of current criteria. Pediatr Neurol 6:47–50
Korein J, Braunstein P, George A (1977) Brain death I: angiographic correlation of the radioisotype bolus technique for evaluation of critical deficit of cerebral blood flow. Ann Neurol 2:195–205
Kosteljanetz M, Ohrstrm JK, Skjdt S, Teglbjaerg PS (1988) Clinical brain death with preserved cerebral arterial circulation. Acta Neurol Scand 78:418–421
Laurin NR, Driedger AA, Hurwitz GA et al. (1990) Cerebral perfusion imaging with technetium-99m-HM-PAO in brain death and severe central nervous system injury. J Nucl Med (in press)
Mohandas A, Chou SN (1971) Brain death: a clinical and pathological study. J Neurosurg 35:211–218
Outwater KM, Rockoff MA (1984) Apnea testing to confirm brain death in children. Crit Care Med 12:357–358
Patel YP, Gupta SM, Batson R, Herrera NE (1988) Brain death: confirmation by radionuclide cerebral angiography. Clin Nucl Med 13:438–442
Payen DM, Lamer C, Pilorget A, Moreau T, Beloucif S, Echter E (1990) Evaluation of pulsed Doppler common carotid blood flow as a noninvasive method for brain death diagnosis: a prospective study. Anesthesiology 72:222–229
Plum F, Posner JB (1982) The diagnosis of stupor and coma, 3rd edn. FA Davis, Philadelphia
Powers AD, Graeber MC, Smith RR (1989) Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the determination of brain death. Neurosurgery 24:884–889
President's Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biochemical and behavioral research (1981) Guidelines for the determination of death. JAMA 246:2184–2186
Reid RH, Gulenchyn KY, Ballinger JR (1989) Clinical use of technetium-99m HM-PAO for determination of brain death. J Nucl Med 30:1621–1626
Rome RO, Launes J, Lindroth L, Nikkinen P (1986) 99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime scans to confirm brain death. Lancet 11:1223–1224
Ropper AH (1984) Unusual spontaneous movements in brain-dead patients. Neurology (NY) 34:1089–1092
Takehara Y, Takahashi M, Isoda H et al. (1989) Scintigraphic evoluation of brain death with99mTc-d,l-hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO). Radioisotopes 38:335–338
Task Force for the determination of brain death in children (1987) Guidelines for the determination of brain death in children. Arch Neurol 44:587–588
Van Bunnen Y, Delcour C, Wery D, Richoz B, Struyven J (1989) Intravenous digital subtraction angiography. A criteria of brain death. Ann Radiol 32:279–281
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
George, M.S. Establishing brain death: the potential role of nuclear medicine in the search for a reliable confirmatory test. Eur J Nucl Med 18, 75–77 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00950749
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00950749