TABLE 3

Costs and Annual Disutilities for Health States Considered in Our Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Intervention	Unit costs in USD ($)	Source	Annual disutility (range)
PSA screening	33.86	Medicare
mpMRI	964.21	Medicare
Hybrid ¹⁸F-choline PET/mpMRI	1,414.13	Medicare
Standard prostate biopsy^*	2,953.67	Medicare
Combined prostate biopsy^†	3,018.35	Medicare
Post-biopsy infection-related hospitalization	6,361.31	(36) (15)
Staging	1,059.28	Medicare
Active surveillance – standard biopsy (per year)^‡	1,642.58	Medicare
Active surveillance – combined biopsy (per year)^‡	1,674.92	Medicare
Prostatectomy	15,752.37	(23)
Distant-stage initial treatment	17,831.29	(24)
Distant-stage management (per year)	2,500.65	(24)
Other cause of death	5,975.15	(37)
Prostate cancer death (age <65)	103,884.24	(37)
Prostate cancer death (age ≥65)	69,256.16	(37)
Health state
PSA screening		(25)	0.00019 (0.0–0.00019)
PET/mpMRI		(28) (25)	0.00077 (0.00038–0.0012)
Biopsy		(25)	0.00577 (0.00346–0.0075)
Postbiopsy infection		(27) (25)	0.0161 (0.00969–0.0291)
Diagnosis		(25)	0.0167 (0.0125–0.0208)
Prostatectomy		(25)	0.247 (0.0917–0.323)
Postprostatectomy recovery		(25)	0.05 (0.0–0.07)
Active surveillance		(25)	0.03 (0.0–0.15)
Palliative therapy		(25)	0.4 (0.14–0.76)
Terminal illness		(25)	0.3 (0.3–0.38)

↵* Includes professional, technical, and facility fees; pathology costs; and office visit.
↵† Includes professional, technical, and facility fees; pathology costs; office visit; and 3-dimensional reconstruction.
↵‡ Assumed to include an annual office visit, annual PSA test, and biopsy every two years