TABLE 1

Clinical Characteristics for Participant Groups

Characteristic	Healthy controls (n = 15)^*	AP group (n = 6)^*	NP group (n = 5)^*	P^†
Age	26.0 y (3.3 y)	29.0 y (6.9 y)	22.0 y (2.3 y)^‡	0.04
Sex (men)^§	7 (47)	0 (0)^‡	3 (60)	0.08
Race^§			^‡	0.14
African American	5 (33)	4 (66)	4 (80)
White	9 (60)	2 (33)	0 (0)
Asian	1 (7)		1 (20)
Body mass index	23.9 (3.2)^\|\|	28.1 (5.6)	28.9 (5.1)	0.04
Years of psychosis		3.1 (1.5)	2.2 (1.3)	0.33
Not medicated^§		3 (50)	3 (60)	1.00
Antipsychotic drug use^§		0 (0)	2 (40)	0.18
Lithium use^§		3 (50)	0 (0)	0.18
SAPS or SANS
Negative symptoms		0.7 (1.2)	11.8 (5.8)	0.001
Positive symptoms		1.7 (3.2)	2.8 (4.1)	0.62
Disorganized symptoms		0.7 (1.6)	0.6 (1.3)	0.94
Calgary Depression Scale score	0.5 (2.1)	2.2 (3.5)	3.0 (3.7)	0.19
Neurocognitive domains^¶
Processing speed	121.3 (9.0)^\|\|	113.8 (10.3)	94.7 (14.1)^‡	0.001
Attention and working memory	111.7 (9.1)^\|\|	97.5 (11.9)	76.0 (11.0)^‡^,^#	<0.001
Verbal memory	108.8 (11.6)	110.0 (7.1)	82.5 (12.7)^‡^,^#	0.001
Visuospatial memory	119.6 (7.4)^\|\|	105.5 (13.0)	96.5 (18.6)^‡	0.004
Ideational fluency	110.1 (11.6)^\|\|	107.3 (6.2)	88.7 (7.2)^‡^,^#	0.002
Executive function	104.4 (5.2)^\|\|	104.5 (5.4)	80.5 (8.2)^‡^,^#	<0.001

↵* Data are presented as mean, with SD in parentheses, unless otherwise indicated.
↵† P values were determined with 1-way ANOVA, χ-square test, or Fisher exact test, as appropriate.
↵‡ P < 0.05 versus controls.
↵§ Data are presented as number of participants, with percentage in parentheses.
↵|| P < 0.05 versus all patients (AP + NP).
↵¶ Sample sizes for neurocognitive testing were as follows: healthy controls (n = 12), patients with recent onset of AP (n = 5), and patients with recent onset of NP (n = 5). One participant with AP had wrist injury that precluded computation of processing speed. Standardized scores were averaged across tests to compute domain-specific factor scores.
↵# P < 0.05 versus AP.
SAPS = Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SANS = Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms.