Immune Cell Labeling Strategies
| Target | Agent | Class | Reactivity | Modality | Stage | Study |
| T cells | 64Cu-PTSM | Small molecule | Murine/human | PET | Preclinical | (72) |
| 18F-FDG | Small molecule | Murine/human | PET | Preclinical | (72) | |
| 99mTc-MHPAO | Small molecule | Murine/human | SPECT | Preclinical | (72) | |
| 111In-oxine | Small molecule | Murine/human | SPECT | Preclinical | (73) | |
| CLIO-HD | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Preclinical | (74) | |
| 124I-FIAU | Reporter gene | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (75) | |
| 18F-FHBG | Reporter gene | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (13) | |
| IOPC-NH2 | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Preclinical | (76) | |
| PFPE/19F | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Clinical | (77) | |
| 64Cu-SPION | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | PET | Preclinical | (78) | |
| DiR fluorophore | Small molecule | Murine/human | FLI | Preclinical | (79) | |
| HSVI-sr39tk, HSV-tk, HSV-tk-GFP | Reporter gene | Murine/human | PET/optical | Clinical | (80) | |
| Fluc | Reporter gene | Murine/human | BLI | Preclinical | (81,82) | |
| Sr39tk/18F-FHBG | Reporter gene | Murine/human | PET | Preclinical | (83) | |
| 18F-FEAU | Reporter gene | Murine/human | PET | Preclinical | (84) | |
| B cells | NIR nanoparticle | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | FLI | Preclinical | (85) |
| Monocytes | 18F-FDG | Small molecule | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (6) |
| Macrophage | NIR nanoparticle | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | FLI | Preclinical | (87) |
| Ferumoxytol SPIO | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Clinical | (88,89) | |
| Magnetic NP | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Clinical | (87) | |
| Ferucarbotran | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Clinical (discontinued) | (90) | |
| Ferumoxtran | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Clinical (discontinued) | (91) | |
| CLIO | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Preclinical | (92) | |
| 89Zr/64Cu/18F-DNP | Nanoparticle | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (93) | |
| Fluc | Reporter gene | Murine/human | BLI | Preclinical | (94,95) | |
| NIS/124I | Reporter gene | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (94,96) | |
| Dendritic cells | 111In/99mTc-HMPAO | Small molecule | Murine/human | SPECT | Clinical | (97) |
| 111In | Small molecule | Murine/human | SPECT | Clinical | (98) | |
| 19F-PFPE loaded with iron particles | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Preclinical | (99) | |
| SPIO | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Clinical | (100) | |
| NIR-QD | Quantum dot | Murine/human | FLI | Preclinical | (101) | |
| 18F-SFB | Small molecule | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (102) | |
| Ferumoxide | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Clinical | (15) | |
| Perfluorocarbon NP | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Clinical | (103) | |
| CFSE | Small molecule | Murine/human | FLI | Preclinical | (104) | |
| Fluc | Reporter gene | Murine/human | BLI | Preclinical | (105) | |
| hNIS/124I | Reporter gene | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (105) | |
| FTH | Reporter gene | Murine/human | MRI | Clinical | (106) | |
| GFP | Reporter gene | Murine/human | FLI | Preclinical | (107) | |
| NK cells | Ferumoxides, ferucarbon | Nanoparticle | Murine/human | MRI | Preclinical | (108) |
| NIR dye | Small molecule | Murine/human | FLI | Preclinical | (109) | |
| 11C | Small molecule | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (110) | |
| 111In | Small molecule | Murine/human | SPECT | Clinical | (111) |
Common acronyms for modalities: FLI = fluorescence imaging; BLI = bioluminescence imaging; NIRF = near-infrared fluorescence imaging.
Common acronyms for agents: HAC = high-affinity consensus; GNPs = gold nanoparticles; Mb = minibody; Nbs = single-domain antibodies; cDb = cys-diabody; mAB = monoclonal antibody; scFv = single-chain variable fragment; SPION = superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle; CLIO = cross-linked iron oxide; GFP = green fluorescent protein; FLuc = firefly luciferase; NP = nanoparticle; FAC = fluoroarabinofuranosyl-cytosine; AraG = fluoroarabinofuranosyl-cytosine; dCK = deoxycytidine kinase; dGK = deoxyguanosine kinase; TK1 = thymidine kinase 1; FLT = fluorothymidine; FHBG = fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl guanine; NIS = sodium iodide symporter.