Probes Targeted to Endogenous Immune Cell Biomarkers
| Target | Agent | Class | Reactivity | Modality | Stage | Study |
| PD-L1 | 18F-BMS-986192 | Adnectin | Human/cynomolgus | PET | Preclinical | (20) |
| 18F-NOTA-ZPDL1_1 | Affibody | Human/macaque | PET | Preclinical | (21) | |
| 64Cu-DOTA-HAC-PD1, 64Cu-NOTA-HAC-PD1, 64Cu-NOTA-HACA-PD1, 68Ga-NOTA-HAC-PD1, 68Ga-NOTA-HACA-PD1, 68Ga-DOTA-HACA-PD1 | HAC-PD1 | Human | PET | Preclinical | (6,22) | |
| 111In-atezolizumab, NIR-atezolizumab, 64Cu-atezolizumab, 89Zr-atezolizumab | Humanized IgG1 | Human | SPECT, PET, optical | Clinical | (23,24) | |
| 89Zr-C4 | Humanized IgG1 | Human/murine | PET | Preclinical | (25) | |
| 111In-PD-L1.3.1 | Murine IgG1 | Human | SPECT | Preclinical | (10) | |
| 111In-DTPA-anti-PDL1 | mAb | Murine | SPECT | Preclinical | (26,27) | |
| 89Zr-DFO-anti-PDL1 | mAb | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (28) | |
| aPDL1-GNPs | Nanoparticle | Murine | CT | Preclinical | (29) | |
| 99mTc-Nbs | Single-domain antibody | Murine | SPECT | Preclinical | (30) | |
| 64Cu-WL12 | Peptide | Human | PET | Preclinical | (31) | |
| 64Cu-NOTA-PD-L1 | mAb | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (32) | |
| 18F-B3, 64Cu-B3 | Camelid VHH | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (33) | |
| PD-1 | 89Zr-Df-pembrolizumab | Humanized IgG4 | Human | PET | Preclinical | (34) |
| 89Zr-Df-nivolumab | Humanized IgG4 | Human | PET | Preclinical | (35) | |
| 89Zr-keytruda | Humanized IgG4 | Human | PET | Preclinical | (36) | |
| PD-1-liposome-DOX-64Cu/IRDye800CW | Rat IgG2a | Murine | NIRF/PET | Preclinical | (37) | |
| 64Cu-NOTA-PD-1 | mAb | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (32) | |
| 64Cu-DOTA-anti-PD-1 | mAb | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (38) | |
| TCR | 89Zr-Df-aTCRmu-F(ab′)2 | Fab′2 | Human | PET | Preclinical | (39,40) |
| 64Cu-DOTA-KJ1-26 | mAb | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (41) | |
| MHCI/II | 18F-VHH7, 18F-VHHDC13 | Camelid VHH | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (42) |
| 64Cu-VHH4 | Camelid VHH | Human | PET | Preclinical | (43) | |
| Granz B | 68Ga-NOTA-GZP | Peptide | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (44) |
| CTLA-4 | 64Cu-DOTA-anti-CTLA-4 | mAb | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (44,57) |
| 64Cu-DOTA-ipilimumab | mAb | Human | PET | Preclinical | (46) | |
| CD8 | 89Zr-VHH-X18 | Camelid VHH | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (11) |
| 89Zr-malDFO-169cDb | Cys-diabody | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (47) | |
| 64Cu-NOTA-2.43Mb | Minibody | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (48) | |
| 89Zr-Df-IAB22M2C | Minibody | Human | PET | Clinical | (48) | |
| CD4 | 89Zr-malDFO-GK1.5cDb | Cys-diabody | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (50,51) |
| CD3 | 89Zr-DFO-CD3 | mAb | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (52) |
| CD25 | 18F-FB-IL2 | Wt IL2 | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (53) |
| 99mTc-IL2 | Wt IL2 | Human | SPECT | Clinical | (54) | |
| CD20 | 124I-anti-CD20 scFv dimers | Diabody | Human | PET | Preclinical | (55) |
| 64Cu-rituximab | mAb | Human | PET | Preclinical | (17) | |
| 124I-GAcDb, 124I-GAcMb, 89Zr-GAcDb, 89Zr-GAcMb | Cys-diabody, Cys-minibody | Human | PET | Preclinical | (56) | |
| 64Cu-FN3CD20 | Fibronectin (FNIII) | Human | PET | Preclinical | (57) | |
| 89Zr-Df-Bz-rituximab | mAb | Human | PET | Preclinical | (58,59) | |
| 89Zr-anti-B220 | mAb | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (60) | |
| 124I-scFV-Fc DM, 124I-Mb, 64Cu-DOTA-Mb | Minibody, scFv | Human | PET | Preclinical | (61) | |
| dCK | 18F-FAC, 18F-CFA | Small molecule | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (62,63) |
| dGK | 18F-AraG | Small molecule | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (16,64) |
| TK1 | 18F-FLT | Small molecule | Murine/human | PET | Clinical | (65) |
| CD47 | 89Zr-anti-CD47-mAb | mAb | Murine/human | PET | Preclinical | (66) |
| CD276 | Anti-B7H3-microbubbles | Microbubble | Human | Ultrasound | Preclinical | (67) |
| CXCR4 | 64Cu-AMD3100 | mAb | Human | PET | Preclinical | (68) |
| MMR | 18F-SFB | Single-domain antibody | Murine | PET | Clinical | (69) |
| OX40 | 64Cu-DOTA-OX40 | mAb | Murine | PET | Preclinical | (70,71) |
Common acronyms for modalities: FLI = fluorescence imaging; BLI = bioluminescence imaging; NIRF = near-infrared fluorescence imaging.
Common acronyms for agents: HAC = high-affinity consensus; GNPs = gold nanoparticles; Mb = minibody; Nbs = single-domain antibodies; cDb = cys-diabody; mAB = monoclonal antibody; scFv = single-chain variable fragment; SPION = superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle; CLIO = cross-linked iron oxide; GFP = green fluorescent protein; FLuc = firefly luciferase; NP = nanoparticle; FAC = fluoroarabinofuranosyl-cytosine; AraG = fluoroarabinofuranosyl-cytosine; dCK = deoxycytidine kinase; dGK = deoxyguanosine kinase; TK1 = thymidine kinase 1; FLT = fluorothymidine; FHBG = fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl guanine; NIS = sodium iodide symporter.