Decay Characteristics, Production Routes, and Diagnostic Matches for Radiometals for Therapeutic Application
| Radionuclide | Half-life | Eα (keV)* | Eβ−average (keV) | Eγ or Eβ+ (keV)* | Production method | Chelator | Diagnostic match |
| 90Y | 2.67 d | 934 | 90Sr/90Y generator | DTPA (tiuxetan), DOTA | |||
| 90Zr(n,p)90Y | |||||||
| 89Y(n,γ)90Y | |||||||
| 177Lu | 6.65 d | 134 | γ: 113 (6.2)† | 176Lu(n,γ)177Lu (74) | DOTA | ||
| γ: 208 (10.4)† | 176Yb(n,γ)177Yb → 177Lu (75) | ||||||
| 67Cu | 2.58 d | 141 | γ: 91 (7.0)†γ: 93 (16.1)†γ: 185 (48.7)† | 68Zn(p,2p)67Cu (7)68Zn(γ,p)67Cu (76)70Zn(p,α)67Cu (77)70Zn(d,αn)67Cu (78) | NOTA, NODAGA, TETA, CPTA, (DOTA), cross-bridged macrocycles (8) | 64Cu (PET)62Cu (PET)61Cu (PET) | |
| 47Sc | 3.35 d | 162 | γ: 159 (68.3)† | 47Ti(n,p)47Sc (18,19) | DOTA (17), | 43Sc (PET) | |
| 46Ca(n,γ)47Ca → 47Sc (17,19) | AAZTA (24), | 44Sc (PET) | |||||
| 48Ca(γ,n)47Ca → 47Sc (21) | DO3AP (23) | ||||||
| 166Ho | 1.11 d | 665 | γ: 81 (6.6)† | 165Ho(n,γ)166Ho (26) | DOTA (32) | ||
| γ: 1,379 (0.9) | 164Dy(2n,γ)166Dy → 166Ho (31) | ||||||
| 161Tb | 6.89 d | 154 | γ: 49 (17.0)† | 160Gd(n,γ)161Gd → 161Tb (35) | DOTA (37) | 152Tb (PET) | |
| γ: 75 (10.2)† | 155Tb (SPECT) | ||||||
| 149Tb | 4.118 h | 3,967 (16.7) | β+: 730 (7.1) | Nd(12C,5n)149Dy → 149Tb (42) | DOTA (37) | 152Tb (PET) | |
| γ: 165 (26.4)†γ: 352 (29.4)γ: 389 (18.4) | Spallation of tantalum target (37,42) | 155Tb (SPECT) | |||||
| 212Pb (212Bi) | 10.64 h (60.6 min) | 100 | γ: 238 (43.6)γ: 300 (3.3)‡ | 224Ra/212Pb generator (48) | DOTA (48),TCMC (48) | ||
| 6,050 (25.1)‡ | |||||||
| 6,089 (9.75)‡ | |||||||
| 225Ac | 10.0 d | 5,637 (4.4) | γ: 99.8 (1.0)§ | 232Th(p,2p6n)225Ac (55,56) | DOTA (63) | ||
| 5,732 (8.0) | 226Ra(p,2n)225Ac (57) | ||||||
| 5,791 (8.6) | 226Ra(γ,n)225Ra → 225Ac (58) | ||||||
| 5,793 (18.1) | |||||||
| 5,830 (50.7) | |||||||
| 213Bi | 45.6 min | 5,558 (0.181) | γ: 324 (0.17) | 225Ac/213Bi generator (52) | DOTA (52) | ||
| 5,875 (1.96) |
↵* Values are given as keV (values in parentheses represent intensity I in %).
↵† γ-energies useful for scintigraphy or SPECT.
↵‡ For 212Bi.
↵§ For imaging with γ-rays of 225Ac daughter nuclides 213Bi and 221Fr (68).
DTPA = diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; AAZTA = 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl)-6-[bis(carboxymethyl)]amino-6-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepine; DO3AP = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic-10-methylphosphonic acid.