Selected Clinical and Translational Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Agents for Illuminating Atherosclerosis and VTE
| Agent | Application | Target | Modality | Clinically tested? | Reference |
| 18F-FDG | Atherosclerosis | Macrophages, hypoxia | PET | Yes | Circulation. 2002;105:2708–2711 |
| J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:603–614 | |||||
| 18F-sodium fluoride | Atherosclerosis | Calcification | PET | Yes | J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1019–1023 |
| Lancet. 2014;383:705–713 | |||||
| 18F-fluorothymidine | Atherosclerosis | Cell proliferation | PET | Yes | Circ Res. 2015;117:835–845 |
| 18F-fluorocholine | Atherosclerosis | Cell proliferation | PET | Yes | Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:e004467 |
| 68Ga-dotatate | Atherosclerosis | Somatostatin receptors | PET | Yes | J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:2344–2345 |
| J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:1774–1791 | |||||
| 68Ga-pentixafor | Atherosclerosis | Macrophage CXC4 receptors | PET | Yes | J Nucl Med. Oct 27, 2016 [Epub ahead of print] |
| 18F-galactoRGD | Atherosclerosis | αvβ3 integrins | PET | Yes | JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:178–187 |
| 64Cu-ATSM | Atherosclerosis | Macrophages | PET | Yes | J Nucl Med. 2016;57:2006–2011 |
| 64Cu-CANFComb | Atherosclerosis | Macrophages | PET | Yes | J Nucl Med. 2010;51:85–91 |
| USPIO | Atherosclerosis | Macrophages | MRI | Yes | Circulation. 2003;107:2453–2458 |
| ICG | Atherosclerosis | Endothelial permeability | NIRF | Yes | JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:1087–1095 |
| 99mTc-apcitide | VTE | Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors | Scintigraphy | Yes | J Nucl Med. 1995;36:1384–1391 |
| J Nucl Med. 2000;41:1214–1223 | |||||
| 99mTc-DMP444 | VTE | Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors | Scintigraphy | Yes | Coron Artery Dis. 1998;9:131–141 |
| J Nucl Cardiol. 2000;7:359–364 | |||||
| 111In-59D8 | VTE | Fibrin | Scintigraphy | Yes | Science. 1983;222:1129–1132 |
| J Nucl Med. 1991;32:785–791 | |||||
| EP-2104R/FTP11 | Atherosclerosis, VTE | Fibrin | MRI/SPECT NIRF | Yes/no | Eur Radiol. 2008;18:1995–2005 |
| Contrast Medial Mol Imaging. 2013;8:229–237 | |||||
| JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:607–615 | |||||
| Circulation. 2014;130:1044–1052 | |||||
| Theranostics. 2015;5:1317–1327 | |||||
| Prosense VM110 | Atherosclerosis | Cathepsin proteases | NIRF | No | J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:2516–2526 |
| MMR-Cy7 | Atherosclerosis | Macrophage mannose receptors | NIRF | No | Sci Rep. 2016;6:22608 |
| 18F-fluorodeoxymannose | Atherosclerosis | Macrophage mannose receptors | PET | No | Nat Med. 2014;20:215–219 |