HFpEF | ||||
Characteristic | Control (n = 12) | DD0–1 (n = 22) | DD2–3 (n = 19) | P |
Age (y) | 64 ± 12 | 65 ± 14 | 63 ± 16 | 0.94 |
Sex | 0.20 | |||
Male | 5 | 13 | 14 | |
Female | 7 | 9 | 5 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 4.1 | 24.3 ± 5.0 | 24.0 ± 4.2 | 0.87 |
NYHA functional class (I/II/III) | 6/13/3 | 0/11/8 | <0.02 | |
Hypertension | 10 (83%) | 17 (77%) | 8 (42%) | 0.02 |
Diabetes | 0 (0%) | 10 (45%)† | 5 (26%) | 0.02 |
Hyperlipidemia | 7 (58%) | 15 (68%) | 11 (58%) | 0.76 |
Atrial fibrillation | 0 (0%) | 8 (36%) | 7 (37%) | 0.047 |
Coronary artery disease | 0 (0%) | 6 (27%) | 7 (37%) | 0.06 |
Prior myocardial infarction | 0 (0%) | 6 (27%) | 7 (37%) | 0.06 |
Heart failure etiologies | 0.03 | |||
Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 5 (23%) | 7 (37%) | ||
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 5 (23%) | 4 (21%) | ||
Hypertensive heart disease | 6 (27%) | 1 (5%) | ||
Dilated cardiomyopathy | 0 (0%) | 5 (26%) | ||
Other | 6 (27%) | 2 (11%) | ||
Blood data | ||||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.0 ± 1.6 | 12.9 ± 1.9 | 13.5 ± 1.5 | 0.46 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.65 (0.57–0.92) | 0.81 (0.66–0.99) | 0.87 (0.70–1.13) | 0.12 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 75.6 ± 19.4 | 66.3 ± 17.2 | 67.7 ± 33.2 | 0.56 |
B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 11.5 (8.5–19.0) | 97.0 (25.2–223.3)* | 78.8 (34.1–242.0)* | <0.001 |
Norepinephrine (pg/mL) | 426 ± 177 | 367 ± 216 | 371 ± 199 | 0.70 |
Troponin T (ng/mL) | 0.004 (0.003–0.009) | 0.016 (0.009–0.045)* | 0.038 (0.014–0.058)* | <0.001 |
Medication | ||||
ACE-Is or ARBs | 5 (42%) | 20 (91%)* | 13 (68%) | 0.009 |
β-blockers | 1 (8%) | 14 (64%)* | 18 (95%)*‡ | <0.001 |
Aldosterone antagonists | 2 (17%) | 1 (5%) | 5 (26%) | 0.15 |
Diuretics | 1 (8%) | 7 (32%) | 9 (47%) | 0.08 |
Calcium-channel blockers | 7 (58%) | 10 (45%) | 6 (32%) | 0.33 |
Statins | 4 (33%) | 12 (55%) | 10 (53%) | 0.46 |
Warfarin | 0 (0%) | 2 (9%) | 5 (26%) | 0.08 |
DOACs | 0 (0%) | 6 (27%) | 3 (16%) | 0.13 |
SHFM mean life expectancy (y) | 10.6 ± 4.9 | 9.7 ± 3.3 | 0.50 |
↵* P < 0.01 vs. control.
↵† P < 0.05 vs. control.
↵‡ P < 0.05 vs. DD0–1.
BMI = body mass index; NYHA = New York Heart Association; ACE-Is = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs = angiotensin II receptor blockers; DOACs = direct oral anticoagulants.
Data are mean ± SD; n, with percentages in parentheses; or median, with interquartile ranges in parentheses.