TABLE 1

Neuropsychological Assessment^*

		All patients		Subgroup 1 patients (n = 42)		Subgroup 2 patients (n = 29)		Subgroup 3 patients (n = 22)		Subgroup patients (n = 7)
Characteristic and test	No. of patients	Raw scores	z scores	Raw scores	z scores	Raw scores	z scores	Raw scores	z scores	Raw scores	z scores
Executive functions
Stroop
Color	95	75.1 ± 22.8	1.4 ± 2.4	65.1 ± 11.9	0.4 ± 1	75.3 ± 14.7	1.6 ± 1.5	84.4 ± 32.7	2.4 ± 3.3	105.8 ± 31.1	4 ± 3.4
Word	95	55.8 ± 20.3	2 ± 3.4	48.1 ± 10	0.7 ± 1.4	55.9 ± 13.7	2.1 ± 2.1	61.1 ± 27.6	2.7 ± 4.7	87 ± 33.5	7.5 ± 5.9
Interference	95	142.2 ± 49	1.4 ± 2	115.9 ± 23.4	0.2 ± 0.8	155.1 ± 31.9	2 ± 1.1	158.6 ± 69.4	2.1 ± 2.8	194.3 ± 73.1	3.8 ± 3.1
Interference: color	95	67.2 ± 33.3	1 ± 1.6	50.7 ± 19.2	0.1 ± 0.9	79.8 ± 27.6	1.7 ± 1.3	74.2 ± 43.4	1.3 ± 2	88.5 ± 50	2.1 ± 2.2
Interference: color error	95	0.5 ± 1.3	1.4 ± 2	0.5 ± 1	0.2 ± 1.2	0.4 ± 1	0.2 ± 1.2	0.3 ± 0.8	0 ± 1	1.8 ± 3.6	2.2 ± 4.8
Rey–Osterrieth complex figure (copy)	98	34.9 ± 1.5	0 ± 1	34.8 ± 1.7	−0.1 ± 1	35.1 ± 1.2	0.1 ± 0.7	35.1 ± 1.5	0 ± 1.2	34.9 ± 1.7	0 ± 1.3
Verbal memory
Forward verbal digit span	100	5.5 ± 1	−0.7 ± 0.9	5.6 ± 0.7	−0.6 ± 0.7	5.7 ± 1	−0.6 ± 0.9	5.4 ± 1.3	−0.7 ± 1.3	4.7 ± 0.8	−1.4 ± 0.8
Backward verbal digit span	100	4.1 ± 1.2	−0.7 ± 1.2	4.6 ± 1.2	−0.2 ± 0.9	3.9 ± 1	−0.9 ± 1.2	3.7 ± 1.1	−1.2 ± 1.5	3.4 ± 0.5	−1.3 ± 0.8
Forward spatial digit span	100	5.2 ± 0.8	−0.9 ± 0.8	5.4 ± 0.8	−0.8 ± 0.8	5.2 ± 0.8	−1 ± 0.9	5 ± 0.8	−1.1 ± 0.7	4.7 ± 1.1	−1.4 ± 1.1
Backward spatial digit span	100	4.6 ± 0.9	−0.1 ± 1	4.8 ± 0.9	0.1 ± 0.9	4.6 ± 0.9	−0.1 ± 1	4.6 ± 0.9	−0.2 ± 1	4.1 ± 0.7	−0.6 ± 0.9
Memory functions: Grober–Buschke
IR	100	15.2 ± 1.2	−0.5 ± 1.6	15.3 ± 1.2	−0.4 ± 1.5	15.6 ± 0.8	−0.1 ± 1.3	14.7 ± 1.4	−1.2 ± 1.7	14.9 ± 1.7	−0.9 ± 2.1
3FR	100	30.9 ± 6	−0.6 ± 1.2	33.6 ± 4.9	0 ± 0.8	32 ± 4.6	−0.5 ± 1.1	25.3 ± 5.5	−1.9 ± 1.3	28 ± 5.6	−1.1 ± 1.2
TR1	100	15 ± 1.6	0.01 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.9	0.4 ± 0.5	15.6 ± 0.6	0.4 ± 0.4	13.3 ± 2.4	−1.1 ± 1.5	14.6 ± 1.3	−0.2 ± 0.8
TR2	100	15.3 ± 1.5	−0.2 ± 1.9	15.7 ± 0.6	0.3 ± 0.6	15.8 ± 0.5	0.4 ± 0.5	14.1 ± 2.7	−1.7 ± 3.4	15 ± 0.8	−0.5 ± 0.9
TR3	100	15.6 ± 1.2	−0.3 ± 2.4	16 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.4	15.9 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.3	14.6 ± 2.3	−2.1 ± 4.6	15.3 ± 0.8	−0.8 ± 1.2
3TR	100	45.9 ± 4.1	1.9 ± 4.1	47.2 ± 1.2	3.1 ± 1.2	47.3 ± 1	3.3 ± 1	42 ± 7.1	−2.1 ± 7.1	44.9 ± 2.7	0.9 ± 2.7
Rec	100	15.6 ± 1.2	−0.4 ± 2	16 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.4	15.8 ± 0.5	0.1 ± 0.8	14.6 ± 2.1	−2 ± 3.5	15.3 ± 1.5	−0.9 ± 2.6
D-FR	100	11.6 ± 2.9	−0.9 ± 1.7	13 ± 2.1	−0.1 ± 0.8	12.4 ± 1.9	−0.5 ± 1	8.1 ± 2.6	−3 ± 1.7	10.4 ± 2.3	−1.5 ± 1.6
D-TR	100	15.2 ± 1.9	−2.4 ± 8.2	15.9 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.3	15.9 ± 0.3	0.4 ± 0.4	12.8 ± 2.8	−11.4 ± 14.2	15.1 ± 1.2	−2.2 ± 4.1
Visual memory: Rey–Osterrieth delayed recall	98	20.3 ± 5.8	−0.3 ± 1	21.5 ± 5.5	−0.1 ± 0.9	20.5 ± 5.4	−0.2 ± 1.1	18.9 ± 6.7	−0.6 ± 0.9	16.7 ± 4.4	−0.9 ± 0.6
Verbal fluency
P letter	99	18.8 ± 7.2	−0.7 ± 1.2	21.7 ± 7.9	−0.2 ± 1.4	17.9 ± 5.6	−0.9 ± 0.9	15.6 ± 6.3	−1.1 ± 1.1	15.6 ± 4.7	−1.4 ± 0.8
Animals	99	28.8 ± 8.9	−0.6 ± 1.2	31.3 ± 9.3	−0.1 ± 1.3	28.6 ± 7.6	−0.7 ± 0.9	27 ± 8.8	−0.8 ± 1.2	19.7 ± 5.8	−1.8 ± 0.8
Oral denomination 80 test	97	78.7 ± 1.5	−0.3 ± 1.4	78.9 ± 1.5	−0.1 ± 1.1	78.5 ± 1.7	−0.6 ± 1.7	79.1 ± 1.2	0 ± 0.9	77.6 ± 1.5	−1.7 ± 1.5
Flexibility
TMT A	97	38.5 ± 16.1	0.1 ± 1.2	31.7 ± 11.8	−0.4 ± 0.7	41.9 ± 14.7	0.4 ± 1.1	42.5 ± 19.4	0.4 ± 1.4	51.7 ± 18.5	1.2 ± 1.7
TMT B	97	95.5 ± 43	0.8 ± 1.7	72.6 ± 19.7	−0.2 ± 0.8	111.7 ± 42.4	1.4 ± 1.7	103.2 ± 43.9	0.9 ± 1.4	150.1 ± 61.8	3.1 ± 2.8
TMT B − TMT A	97	58 ± 34.4	0.7 ± 1.5	41 ± 14.1	0 ± 0.7	69.8 ± 37.9	1.3 ± 1.7	60.7 ± 30.8	0.8 ± 1	98.4 ± 57.1	2.8 ± 2.9
Dichotic listening
Left-ear words^†	90	48.7 ± 11.2	−0.4 ± 11.2	51.2 ± 11	2.2 ± 10.7	49.5 ± 9.8	0.6 ± 9.8	48.4 ± 8.9	−1.3 ± 9.2	34.6 ± 1.5	−14.9 ± 15.2
Right-ear words^†	90	51.1 ± 9.5	−0.8 ± 9.3	52.4 ± 10.3	0.7 ± 9.9	51.4 ± 8.1	−0.1 ± 8.2	49.6 ± 9.4	−3 ± 9.7	47.4 ± 11	−4.9 ± 9.3
Left-ear sentences^†	90	14.5 ± 6	1.3 ± 6.4	15.3 ± 3.6	2.3 ± 3.4	16.3 ± 8.2	3.5 ± 9	13.2 ± 3.2	−0.5 ± 3.3	6.7 ± 5.1	−6.7 ± 6
Right-ear sentences^†	90	17.6 ± 4.6	2.7 ± 5.1	17.6 ± 3.6	2.9 ± 3.8	18.5 ± 6.4	3.9 ± 7.3	17 ± 2.9	1.5 ± 3.3	16 ± 5.3	0.7 ± 3.7
Attention
Zazzo 1 sign	100	49.2 ± 15.5	−1 ± 1.1	54.1 ± 14.6	−0.7 ± 1	45 ± 9.4	−1.3 ± 0.7	47.4 ± 20	−1.2 ± 1.4	42.4 ± 19.2	−1.5 ± 1.3
Zazzo 2 signs	100	49.3 ± 14.4	−1 ± 1	54.6 ± 14.3	−0.7 ± 1	44.4 ± 8.5	−1.3 ± 0.6	47.9 ± 17.6	−1.1 ± 1.2	42 ± 15.3	−1.5 ± 1.1
Zazzo 3 signs	100	35.7 ± 13.4	−1.4 ± 1.1	41.1 ± 12.7	−0.9 ± 1.1	30.8 ± 9.5	−1.8 ± 0.8	33.3 ± 16.2	−1.6 ± 1.4	30.7 ± 11.9	−1.8 ± 1

↵* Scores are expressed as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Subgroups 1, 2, 3, and 4 had no significant cognitive impairment, FSC dysfunction, Papez circuit dysfunction, and callosal disconnection, respectively.
↵† Scores are expressed as mean number of words or sentences relative to those of control group.
IR = immediate recall; FR = free recall; 3FR = sum of free recall over 3 trials; TR1 = total recall trial 1; TR2 = total recall trial 2; TR3 = total recall trial 3; 3TR = sum of total recall over 3 trials; Rec = recognition; D-FR = delayed free recall; D-TR = delayed total recall; TMT = Trail Making Test.