TABLE 1

Currently Available Endoscopic and Anatomic-Imaging Techniques for GEP NET Investigation

CharacteristicTAUSEUSVideo capsuleCT*MRI*
UseDetection of primary GI NET (solid organs only)Detection of gastric, duodenal and rectal primary NETs; diagnostic biopsyDetection of esophageal, gastric, duodenal, and small-bowel primary NETsStaging and follow-up (first-choice modality); identification of primary site; evaluation of local extent; assessment of metastasesDetection and assessment of liver metastases (first-choice modality)
SensitivityLimited; high interoperator variabilityHighModerateCan be enhanced by enterography and enteroclysisHigh for bone marrow metastases; can be enhanced by enterography and enteroclysis
Radiation exposureNoNoNoYesNo
OtherIs widely availableIs invasiveCan analyze entire bowelIs widely availableUses gadolinium chelate, which is safer than CT iodine agents as regards allergic reactions and nephrotoxicity
  • * Multiplanar contrast-enhanced images.

  • TAUS = transabdominal ultrasound; EUS = endoscopic ultrasound.