Selected Published BD PET System Specifications and Imaging Performance Statistics
| Spatial resolution at center of FOV (mm) | ||||||||||||
| Group | Geometry | FOV (mm) | Crystal type | Crystal size (mm) | Photodetector | Radial (x) | Tangential (y) | Axial (z) | DOI resolution | Energy resolution | Timing resolution/window | Sensitivity (%) |
| PEMi (14) | Annular | 110 d, 128 a | LYSO | 1.9 × 1.9 × 15 | PS PMT | 1.58* | 1.41 | 1.31 | None | NA | NA/6 ns | 6.88% |
| Shimadzu (8,41) | Annular (O) | 180 d, 155.5 a (O) | LGSO | 1.44 × 1.44 × 4.5 | PS PMT | 1.6* | 1.7 | 2.0 | 4.5 mm | 16.9% (both) | 1.2 ns/NA (both) | 16.3% (O) |
| C-ring (C) | 179 d, 105 a (C) | 6.9% (C) | ||||||||||
| MAMMI (2,42) | Annular, translatable | 170 d, 170 a‡ | LYSO | Monolithic, 40 × 40 × 10 | PS PMT | 1.6† | 1.8 | 1.9 | 4 mm | 18% | NA/5 ns | 3.6% |
| Texas HOTPET (43) | Annular, reconfigurable | 540 d, 210 a (breast); 830 d, 130 a (whole body) | BGO | 2.68 × 2.68 × 18 | PMT | 2.7 (breast), 3.3 (whole body) (averaged)* | NA | 2.6 (both) | None | NA | NA/15 ns | 9.2% (breast); 4.2% (whole body) |
| Brookhaven PET/MR (10) | Annular, multimodal | 145.3 d, 96.46 a | LYSO | 2.2 × 2.2 × 15 | APD | 1.2† | 1.1 | NA | None | NA | NA | NA |
| Lawrence Berkeley (16) | Rectangular | 82 x, 60 y, 50 z | LSO | 3 × 3 × 30 | PMT and SiPD | 1.9 mm† (direction unclear) | NA | NA | 3.8 mm | 24%–51% along crystal | 3.4 ns/6 ns | 4.94% |
| West Virginia University PEM/PET (38) | Rotating panel, rectangular | 150 x, 150 y, 150 z | LYSO | 2 × 2 × 15 | PS PMT | 2.01† | 2.04 | 1.84 | None | NA | 3.5 ns | 6.88% |
| Clear-PEM (4,5) | Rotating panel | 162 x, 141 y | LYSO | 2 × 2 × 20 | APD | 1.4†§ (direction unclear) | NA | 1.4 | 2.5 mm | 13% | 4 ns | 4.3%§ |
| UC Davis PET/CT (6) | Rotating panel, multimodal | 119 x, 119 y | LSO | 3 × 3 × 20 | PS PMT | 2.70† | 2.73 | 2.17 | None | 25% | NA/12 ns | 1.64% |
| M.D. Anderson (13) | Dual-panel | 200 x, 120 y | LYSO | 1.54 × 1.54 × 10 | PMT | 1.19* | 2.01 | 4.10 | None | 17% | NA/7.5 ns | 8.9% (avg separation) |
| PEM I (19) | Dual-panel | 72 x, 72 y | BGO | 1.9 × 1.9 × 6.5 | PS PMT | 2.8* (direction unclear) | NA | NA | 6.5 mm | 53% | 12 ns/NA | 3% |
| Pisa (44) | Dual-panel | 100 x, 100 y | LYSO | 1.9 × 1.9 × 16 | PS PMT | NA | NA | NA | None | 20% | 9.1 ns/NA | NA |
| Thomas Jefferson Lab (45) | Dual-panel | 150 x, 200 y | LGSO | 3.03 × 3.03 × 10 | PS PMT | 4.1 mm (10° acceptance)* | NA | NA | None | NA | NA | 0.07% (10°) |
| 4.7 mm (40° acceptance) | NA | NA | 1.35% (40°) | |||||||||
| maxPET (20) | Dual-panel | 150 x, 150 y | LSO | 3 × 3 × 20 | PS PMT | 2.26 (intrinsic), 4 (imaging)* | NA | NA | None | 21.6% | 8.1 ns/NA | 0.57% |
| Stanford (11,46) | Dual-panel | 160 x, 100 y | LYSO | 0.9 × 0.9 × 1 | PS APD | 0.9 mm† | NA | NA | 1 mm | 10.6% | 15.7 ns/NA | NA |
| PEM Flex Solo II (47) | Dual-panel, translatable | 240 x, 163 y‡ | LYSO | 2 × 2 × 13 | PS PMT | 1.94† | 1.59 | 6.45 | None | NA | NA/12 ns | 0.15% (normalized) |
| West Virginia University PEM (7,48) | Dual-panel or rotating panel | 100 x, 100 y | GSO | 3.1 × 3.1 × 10 | PS PMT | 5.5† (rotating) | 5.0 (rotating) | NA (rotating) | None | 20% | NA/10 ns | 0.016% (3° acceptance) |
| 3.7 (static) | 3.7 (static) | 8.9 (static) | 0.07% (10° acceptance) | |||||||||
| University of Pennsylvania BPET (12) | Dual-panel, curved | 280 x, 210 y (active area) | NaI (Tl) | Curved plate detector, 35 × 23 cm surface area | PMT | 3.8† | NA | NA | None | 10% | NA | 0.34% (scanner incomplete) |
↵* Filtered backprojection.
↵† Iterative reconstruction.
↵‡ FOV with translating detector heads.
↵§ Simulated.
d = diameter; a = axial; x/y/z = linear orthogonal axes; LYSO = lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate; LGSO = lutetium gadolinium oxyorthosilicate; BGO = bismuth germanate; LSO = lutetium oxyorthosilicate; GSO = germanium oxyorthosilicate; PS = position sensitive; PMT = photomultiplier tube; APD = avalanche photodiode; SiPD = silicon photodiode.