Characteristic | All patients (n = 21) | Gly16/Glu27 (n = 8) | Arg16/Gln27 (n = 13) | P |
Age (y) | 64 ± 2 | 70 ± 3 | 60 ± 2 | 0.02 |
Male | 13 (62) | 4 (50) | 9 (69) | 0.38 |
Cause of HF | 0.20 | |||
Ischemic | 14 (67) | 4 (50) | 10 (77) | |
Nonischemic | ||||
Hypertensive cardiomyopathy | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 2 (15) | |
Dilated cardiomyopathy | 5 (24) | 4 (50) | 1 (8) | |
LVEF (%) | 30 ± 2 | 28 ± 4 | 31 ± 1 | 0.47 |
NYHA classification | 0.87 | |||
I | 6 (29) | 2 (25) | 4 (31) | |
II | 9 (43) | 4 (50) | 5 (39) | |
III | 6 (29) | 2 (25) | 4 (31) | |
Medical history | ||||
Hypertension | 7 (33) | 2 (25) | 5 (39) | 0.53 |
Diabetes mellitus | 8 (38) | 2 (25) | 6 (46) | 0.33 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 7 (33) | 3 (38) | 4 (31) | 0.75 |
β-blocker before randomization | 0.70 | |||
Carvedilol | 7 (33) | 3 (38) | 4 (31) | |
Metoprolol | 10 (48) | 4 (50) | 6 (46) | |
Bisoprolol | 2 (10) | 1 (13) | 1 (8) | |
Nebivolol | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 2 (15) | |
Comedication | ||||
RAAS inhibitors | 18 (86) | 6 (75) | 12 (92) | 0.27 |
Loop diuretic | 17 (81) | 6 (75) | 11 (85) | 0.59 |
Vitamin K antagonists | 12 (57) | 4 (50) | 8 (62) | 0.60 |
Antiplatelet agents | 13 (62) | 5 (63) | 8 (62) | 0.97 |
Statin | 18 (86) | 6 (75) | 12 (92) | 0.27 |
Spironolactone | 8 (38) | 2 (25) | 6 (46) | 0.33 |
Digoxin | 3 (14) | 2 (25) | 1 (8) | 0.27 |
LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA = New York Heart Association; RAAS = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system.
Qualitative data are expressed as numbers, followed by percentages in parentheses; continuous data are expressed as mean ± SEM.