Modality | Imaging delivery or effect? | Image tag | Labeling gene or carrier? | Clinical potential | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fluorescence | Both | Fluorescent dye, QD, GFP, etc. | Both | + | 8–11,13,26 |
MRI | Delivery | Iron oxide | Carrier | ++ | 13 |
SPECT | Delivery | 99mTc and 111In | Both | +++ | 14–16 |
PET | Delivery | 18F and 64Cu | Gene | +++ | 17,18 |
BLI | Effect | Luciferases | NA | None | 17,20–25 |
MRS | Effect | Chemical shift | NA | ++ | 27 |
NA = not applicable.