Technologies Under Development and Operating Sites for 225Ac Production, Including Estimated Present and 2032 Capacities
| Yearly production capacity (GBq/y/site) | Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technology | Source | 2023 | 2032 | Total (GBq/y) in 2032 | |
| A: [(233U→) 229Th→225Ac] (generator) | ORNL, United States | 26 | 26 | Up to 3,000 [80] | Highest quality of nca 225Ac; may enter price competitivity |
| IPPE, Russia | 37 (est.) | 150 (est. 2025) to 300 (est. 2030) | |||
| JRC-ITU, Germany | 11 | 11 | |||
| TRIUMF, Canada | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||
| TerraPower, United States | >10 | ≤2,700 | |||
| Pantera, Belgium | 0 | >70 | TerraPower source | ||
| B: [232Th(p,x)225Ac+227Ac] (high-energy accelerator) | BNL/ORNL LANL; Tri-Lab, United States | 16.7 | Potential, >3,700 | >9,000 [>240] | Contaminated with 227Ac (0.2% EOB - ∼1.5% at calibration); not suitable for large scale routine use |
| CNL/TRIUMF, Canada; BWXT/ITM, United States/Germany | >1 | Idem >3,700 | |||
| INR, Russia | ≤1,000 | ||||
| SpectronRx, United States | >1 | >200 | |||
| Others: Arronax, France; IsoDar, Japan; CIAE, China | First GBq in 2024 | Potential, >200 each | |||
| C: [+…+225Ra→225Ac] (as side product) | ∼10% of above; CNL/TRIUMF, Canada | 0.3 | >370 (theory) | >370 [>10] | High level of waste - expensive |
| D: [226Ra(p,2n)225Ac] (cyclotron) | First GBq | >4,500 [>120] | Additional sites under evaluation in other countries (Asia) | ||
| SpectronRx, United States | 2023 | >500 | |||
| Ionetix, United States | 2023 | 1,900 | |||
| Eckert&Ziegler, Germany | 2024 | 550 | |||
| Alfarim, Netherlands | 2025 | 450–850 | |||
| N-MediPhysics, Japan | >2023 | >500 | |||
| KIRAMS, South Korea | >2025 | >500 | |||
| D: [226Ra(d,3n)225Ac] (linear accelerator) | Nusano, United States | ≤160,000 | Under evaluation | ||
| E: [226Ra(γ,n)225Ra→225Ac] (photoconverter) | NorthStar, United States | 2023 | 3,700–15,000 | >37,000 [>1,000] | Rhodotron: nca 225Ac |
| Pantera, Belgium | 2027 | 3,700–5,000 | |||
| TerraPower, United States | 2029 | 3,700–5,000 | |||
| Niowave, United States | 2023 | ≤18,000 | Linac: nca 225Ac | ||
| Hitachi, Japan | >2024 | >3,700 | |||
| F: [226Ra(n,2n)225Ra→225Ac] (n from d on beryllium target) | Nusano, United States | ≤44,000 | Under evaluation | ||
ORNL = Oak Ridge National Laboratory; nca = no carrier added; IPPE = I.I. Leypunsky Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, Obninsk; est. = estimated; JRC-ITE = Joint Research Centre–Institute for Transuranium Elements; TRIUMF = TRI University Meson Facility; BNL = Brookhaven National Laboratory; LANL = Los Alamos National Laboratory; EOB = end of bombardment; CNL = Canadian Nuclear Laboratories; BWXT = BWX Technologies Inc.; ITM = Isotope Technologies Munich SE; INR = Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Science; CIAE = China Institute of Atomic Energy; KIRAMS = Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences.
Data in brackets are curies.