Types of Reported Scientific Fraud
| Type | Among survey respondents (n = 11)* | Among departmental coworkers (n = 54)† |
|---|---|---|
| Data fabrication | 2 | 10 |
| Data manipulation or falsification | 4 | 19 |
| Misleading (e.g., selective) reporting | 4 | 26 |
| Plagiarism | 2 | 16 |
| Duplicate or redundant publication | 3 | 28 |
| Other type of publication fraud | 1‡ | 3¶ |
↵* Three respondents indicated to have committed multiple types of scientific fraud.
↵† Twenty-eight respondents indicated to have witnessed or suspected multiple types of scientific fraud among departmental coworkers.
↵‡ “Including authors on papers that did not contribute enough to justify this.”
↵¶ “A doctoral candidate pulled together study plans of others and got a grant with his application. This was noticed and he had to withdraw his application,” “Ghost authorship,” and “Same as above.”