Candidate Biomarkers for PET Imaging of T-Cell Responses
| Target | Type | Stage | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| OX40 | Surface biomarker | Preclinical | TILs, GVHD |
| CTLA-4 | Surface biomarker | Preclinical | TILs, GVHD |
| CD3 | Surface biomarker | Preclinical | TILs |
| CD4 | Surface biomarker | Preclinical | TILs, IBD, HSCT, lymphoid organs |
| CD8 | Surface biomarker | Preclinical/clinical | TILs, lymphoid organs |
| ICOS | Surface biomarker | Preclinical | TILs, CAR-T |
| PD-1 | Surface biomarker | Preclinical/clinical | TILs |
| IL-2R | Surface biomarker | Preclinical/clinical | TILs, ONNV, lymphoid organs |
| TCRmu | Surface biomarker | Preclinical | CAR-T |
| VLA4 | Surface biomarker | Preclinical | Tuberculosis |
| Granzyme B | Secreted biomarker | Preclinical | TILs |
| dCK | Intracellular enzyme | Preclinical/clinical | TILs, autoimmune hepatitis |
| dGK | Intracellular enzyme | Preclinical/clinical | GVHD, TILs, RA |
| HSV1-tk | Reporter gene/encoded protein size (46 kDa) | Preclinical/clinical | CAR-T |
| HSV1-sr39tk | Reporter gene/encoded protein size (42 kDa) | Preclinical | RA |
| PSMA | Reporter gene/encoded protein size (100 kDa) | Preclinical | CAR-T |
| NET | Reporter gene/encoded protein size (69 kDa) | Preclinical | TILs |
| SSTR2 | Reporter gene/encoded protein size (41 kDa) | Preclinical | CAR-T |
| DHFR | Reporter gene/encoded protein size (18 kDa) | Preclinical | CAR-T |
| NIS | Reporter gene/encoded protein size (69 KDa) | Preclinical | CAR-T |
| 2D12.5/G54C | Reporter gene/encoded protein size (52 kDa) | Preclinical | CAR-T |
TIL = tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; CTLA-4 = cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4; IBD = inflammatory bowel disease; HSCT = hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; IL-2R = interleukin-2 receptors; ONNV = o’nyong-nyong virus; TCRmu = murine T-cell receptor β-domain; VLA4 = very late antigen-4; dCK = deoxycytidine kinase; dGK = deoxyguanosine kinase; PSMA = prostate-specific membrane antigen; NET = norepinephrine transporter; SSTR2 = somatostatin receptor 2; DHFR = dihydrofolate reductase enzyme; NIS = sodium iodide symporter; 2D12.5/G54C = antilanthanoid-DOTA antibody.
PET tracers targeting biomarkers listed here are also discussed in references 3, 22, and 35.