Label | Phantom used for calibration | Source volume | Traceable activity | Centers or devices (n) | Estimated accuracy | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
177Lu | Two concentric spheres in elliptic phantom with lung and spine inserts | Yes | 7 centers | 22% spread for inner sphere, 117% for outer shell, 23% for total activity | Site-specific calibrations with locally available phantom and reconstruction | Wevrett (15) | |
177Lu | Cylindric phantom with 6 spheric inserts | 0.5–113 mL | No | 4 centers | Calibration factors; focus on comparing recovery coefficients | Vendor-specific and -neutral reconstruction | Peters (16) |
131I | Specific calibration and validation phantom, lesions in abdominal phantom | 0.8 − 196 mL | Yes | 9 systems | 15.7% uncertainty of activity in 65-mL sphere | Dead-time measurement and centralized reconstruction | Gregory (17) |
177Lu | Petri dish in air | No | 2 centers | Not given | Sundlöv (18) | ||
177Lu | Calibration: Jaszczak cylinder and NEMA sphere phantom; validation: 2-organ anthropomorphic phantom (2-compartment kidney, spleen) | 35 mL (kidney medulla)/75 mL (kidney cortex), 125 mL (spleen) | Yes | 8 centers, 9 systems | Ratios: 1.02 ± 0.09 (kidney) and 1.05 ± 0.11 (spleen) between radionuclide calibrator–based and SPECT/CT-based activity | Site-specific reconstruction | Tran-Gia (10) |
133Ba/131I | Four cylindric phantoms | 1.68, 6.72, 26.9, 107.4 mL | Yes | 8 systems | 5.6% for GE Healthcare systems | Tran-Gia (20) | |
177Lu | Four-organ anthropomorphic phantom (2-compartment kidney, liver, spleen) | According to ICRP 110 (58) | Yes | 1 system | Not applicable | Variable time-dependent activities mimicking 177Lu-DOTATATE therapy | MRTDosimetry (21) |
131I | Cylindric phantom | 0.5–144 mL | No | 4 centers | <5.4% | Site-specific reconstruction | Taprogge (9) |
NEMA = National Electrical Manufacturers Association; ICRP = International Commission on Radiological Protection.